Ahangari exam #5 - reproductive

Estrogen during the ______ and ______ trimester of pregnancy is secreted in very small amounts. It makes the endometrium puffy and smooth.

- it is secreted by the _______________ and controls the development of genital organs in the female fetus.

- deficiency of estrogen during intrauterine life of a female fetus, or over secretion of it in males, leads to __________________!

- after puberty, estrogen controls the development of secondary _______ characteristics in females!

- estrogen levels DECREASE after menopause and can lead to ________________.

2nd; 3rd

PLACENTA

Intersexuality

Sex

Osteoporosis

Progesterone levels increase AFTER fertilization occurs as it prepares ...?

- during the 1st trimester, secretion is by the ___________ ____________!

- during the 2nd and 3rd trimester, secretion is by the ______________!

- levels DECREASE if pregnancy does NOT occur. If they do DECREASE during pregnancy = _________________.

The endometrium for pregnancy

Corpus luteum

Placenta

Miscarriage

Testosterone has NO EFFECT on female fetuses as they do NOT have a _____ chromosome. In male fetuses, it helps with ________________ formation.

It is secreted by the ____________ and ______________

- controls the descending of the ___________ from the abdominal cavity to the scrotum of the fetus.

- after puberty, it controls the development of secondary ______ characteristics in males.

- using synthetic testosterone for bodybuilding, leads to ________________ cancer.

- deficiency leads to depression, sleep disorder, and infertility.

- controls appetite, body temperature, RBC formation, metabolism, sleep, etc.

Y; testicle

Testicles; placenta

Testes

Sex

Prostate

AROMATASE enzyme converts _______________ into ___________ in MALES in order to control the last step of sperm development!

- EXCESS aromatase enzyme in males leads to obesity, and breast development (__________________)

Testosterone; estrogen

Gynecomastia

Testosterone in males and estrogen in females CLOSES the _____________ plane found in bone —> cartilage tissue is NO LONGER converted into bone after puberty and NO LONGER an effect of GH.

Deficiency of GH = ________________

- Treatment: give hormonal replacement by synthetic GH

Excess GH = _______________ (cardiomegaly)

- Treatment: give synthetic somatostatin to control soft tissue proliferation

_________________ is increased GH after puberty, which affects the SMALL bones of the body - cheeks, jaw, lips, etc.

Epiphyseal

Dwarfism

Gigantism

ACROMEGALY

Which hormone is found in the urine and blood of a pregnant female and remains in the follicular remnants of the ovary (known as the corpus luteum), which will secrete PROGESTERONE.

Human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Prostaglandins:

One of a number of hormones-like substances that participate in a wide range of body functions, such as:

- contraction and relaxation of ___________ muscle

- dilation and construction of blood vessels

- control of ____________ ___________

- modulation of ______________

Smooth

Blood pressure

Inflammation

What are prostaglandins derived from?

arachidonic acid!

Arachidonic acid is converted by the enzyme __________________ into a prostaglandin:

- PGI2

- PGE2

- PGF2alpha

- TXA2 (thromboxane A2)

Coccxygenase

PGI2 =

Antiplatelet aggregation; vasodilation

PGE2 =

Smooth muscle relaxation, vasodilation

PGF2alpha =

Smooth muscle contraction, vasoconstriction

TXA2 (thromboxane A2) =

Platelet aggregation; vasoconstriction

Arachidonic acid is converted by the enzyme _________________ into ______________ which are largely responsive for the symptoms of ASTHMA:

- ____________________

- ____________________

- ____________________

Lipoxygenase; leukotrienes

- inflammation

- bronchoconstriction

- vasoconstriction

What are inhibitors of prostaglandin synthesis?

- NSAIDs

- Indomethacin

- Ibuprofen

Spermatogenesis refers to the entire sequence of events by which primitive germ cells (spermatogonia) are transformed into _________ or spermatozoa

- this maturation process of germ cells BEGINS at ______________ and continues into old age.

Sperms

Puberty

Spermatogonia, which have been dormant in the seminiferous tubules of the testes since the fetal period, begin to increase in number at puberty. After several mitotic divisions, the spermatogonia grow and transform into _____________ spermatocytes.

- each primary spermatocyte undergoes a REDUCTION division (the FIRST meiotic division) to form TWO _____________ secondary spermatocytes

- secondary spermatocytes undergo a SECOND meiotic division to form FOUR ___________ SPERMATIDS

- spermatids are gradually transformed into FOUR ____________ sperms by a process known as _____________________!

- sperms are transported to the epididymis, duct is deferens, and urethra

Primary

Haploid

Haploid

Mature; spermatogenesis

Sperm:

Head of sperm —> contains _____________ + 23 chromosomes

Acrosome enzymes —> acrosin, prostaglandin, and ______________-converting enzyme

Tail of sperm —> (mitochondria, _______)

Nucleus

Angiotensin

ATP

Male fertility:

Depends on the number and motility of sperm

1. The average volume of semen in a normal, fertile male ejaculate is ______ mL.

2. Normally, up to _______% of sperm in an ejaculate may be deformed (two heads or two tails), but these sperms probably do no fertilize and oocyte.

3.5

10%

Erection is a result of blood flow into the erectile tissues of the penis

- it is achieved by ______________ nerve-induced vaso_____________ of the arterioles that allows blood to flow into the corpora cavernosa of the penis

- the neurotransmitter that mediates this increased blood flow is __________ _________, which diffuses into the smooth muscle cells of blood vessels and stimulates the production of __________.

Parasympathetic; dilation

Nitric oxide; cGMP

Emission is controlled by the _______________ nervous system

sympathetic

Ejaculation is controlled by the _____________ AND the ______________ nervous system

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

Erection —> ________________ nervous system

Emission —> ________________ nervous system

Ejaculation —> _________________ and ________________ nervous system

Parasympathetic

Sympathetic

Sympathetic; parasympathetic

The Leydig cells secrete _______________ in response to LH pulses, which have a diurnal pattern, with the leak level in the early morning and the trough level in the late afternoon or early morning

Testosterone

The seminiferous tubules contain all germ cells at various stages of maturation and their supporting ____________ cells.

- these account for ______ - _______% of the testicular volume!

Stercoli cells

85-90%

Stercoli cells are a fixed-population of non-dividing support cells, which secrete a hormone called ___________, which controls ___________ production.

INHIBIN!

Sperm

Oogenesis refers to the transformation of ___________ into mature __________ (in the ovaries)

Oogonia; oocytes

Prenatal maturation of oocytes:

1. During early fetal life, Oogonia proliferates by MITOTIC division. Oogonia enlarges to form ______________ oocytes before birth

- as a primary oocyte forms, connective tissue cells surround this single layer, follicular epithelial cells, which leads to formation of a _____________ follicle.

2. As the primary oocyte enlarges during puberty, the follicular epithelial cells become ___________ in shape and then form a primary follicle.

3. Primary oocytes becomes surrounded by a covering of amorphous acellular glycoprotein called the ZONA _______________.

4. When the primary follicle has more than one layer of cuboidal follicular cells, it is called a maturing or _____________ follicle.

5. Primary oocyte begin the first MEIOTIC division BEFORE BORTH, and remain suspended in _______________ until sexual maturity and the reproductive cycles begin during puberty.

6. The follicular cells surrounding the primary oocyte secrete ___________ _______________ _____________ (OMI), which keeps the MEIOTIC process of the oocyte arrested.

Primary

Primordial

Cuboidal

PELLUCIDA

Secondary

PROPHASE I

Oocyte maturation inhibitor

Postnatal maturation of oocytes:

- begins during PUBERTY, usually one follicle matures each mont and ovulation occurs.

- NO primary oocytes form AFTER BIRTH in FEMALES —> the primary oocyte remain dormant in the ovarian follicles until ______________.

- as the follicular matures, the primary oocyte increases in size and shortly before ovulation, completes the first MEIOTIC division.

- at ovulation, the nucleus of the secondary oocyte beings the second meiotic division and remains suspended in __________________ until fertilization!

- MATURATION of the oocyte is complete ONLY if fertilization occurs!!

Puberty

METAPHASE II

Pseudohermaphroditism —> Klinefelter syndrome (XXY) occurs when a person is ______________ TWO sexes! (Intersexuality)

- If HORMONAL = oversecretion of _____________ in males OR excess _____________ in females

- If GENETIC = phenotype is X, even though genotype is _______.

Can be caused by a deficiency of enzymes, such as _____-__________________!

Between

Estrogen; androgen

Y

21-dihydroxylase

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis:

- The hypothalamus is the integrative center of the reproductive axis and receives messages from both the _______ and the ________ to regulate the production and secretion of which hormone?

CNS; Testes

gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH)

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis:

Neurotransmitters and neuropeptides have both inhibitory and stimulatory influence on the hypothalamus. The hypothalamus RELEASES GnRH in a pulsatile nature which appears to be essential for stimulating the production and release of which two hormones?

After the initial stimulation of these gonadotropins, the exposure to constant GnRH results in INHIBITION of their release.

LH and FSH bind to specific receptors on the ___________ cells and __________cells within the testis

luteinizing hormone (LH) and follicle stimulating hormone (FSH).

leydig cells

sertoli cells

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis:

What is the major secretory product of the testes? It is a primary inhibitor of LH secretion in males

It may be metabolized in peripheral tissue to the potent ___________ dihydrotestosterone or the potent _____________ estradiol

testosterone

androgen; estradiol

The hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis:

Decreases in spermatogenesis are accompanied by decreased production of ___________. This reduction in negative feedback is associated with reciprocal ELEVATION of FSH levels.

INHIBIN

Fertilization:

Fertilization takes place in the __________ AFTER fertilization has occurred.

During the menstrual mid cycle, the cervical mucus changes to become...

- more ____________

- _________________

- more ________________

These changes serve to facilitate entry of the sperm into the uterus and protect the sperm from the highly acidic vaginal secretions.

AMPULLA

abundant

thinner

watery

Process of Fertilization:

1. passage of sperm through corona radiata surrounding the zona ____________ of an oocyte

2. Penetration of zona pellucida surrounding the oocyte (enzymes: ______________________, ______________)

3. Fusion of plasma membranes of the oocyte and sperm

4. Completion of SECOND MEIOTIC division of oocyte and formation of female pronucleus

5. Formation of male pronucleus

6. Membrane of pronuclei break down, the chromosomes _____________ and become arranged for a MITOTIC cell division

The fertilized oocyte or zygote is a unicellular embryo. The combination of 23 chromosomes in each pronucleus results in a zygote with _______ chromosomes

Pellucida

neuraminidase, acrosin

condense

46

the menstrual cycle is _____ days long.

- FIRST two weeks: FSH levels ______________ in order for the follicle and ovum to develop/ mature

- During day 12, 14, 15: FSH __________, LH ___________, which controls OVULATION by controlling the rupture of the follicle, elimination of the ovum from the follicle, and migration of the ovum from the ovary to the fallopian tubes.

- These days are good for pregnancy to occur (if sperm is present)

implantation occurs on day ____ of pregnancy and MITOTIC cell division begins

28

increase

decrease; increase

7

If fertilization OCCURS, the remnant of the follicular cells become corpus ____________, which secretes ________________ during the FIRST trimester of pregnancy in order to prepare the endometrium for pregnancy.

If fertilization is NOT successful, the corpus luteum becomes a white scar called corpus _________ and LH, estrogen, and progesterone levels DECREASE and menstruation occurs for 5-7 days.

luteum; progesterone

albicans

If bleeding continues after 7 days = ________________________.

After menstruation, estrogen levels (increase/ decrease) because it prepares the endometrium again for implantation

If prolactin increases in non-pregnant females or males = ________________ (hypothyroidism) → check thyroid gland

endometriosis

increase

infertility

Menstruation occurs in three phases:

1. ________________ phase

2. ________________ phase

3. ________________ phase

Follicular

Luteal

Secretory

Pregnancy:

Traditionally a human pregnancy lasts ______ weeks (280 days) from the LMP, or 38 weeks (266 days) from the date of fertilization.

- Presence of ________________ ___________ __________ in the BLOOD and URINE, (detectable by laboratory testing is the most reliable early sign of pregnancy)

- Missed menstrual period

In the post-implantation phase, the blastocyst secretes a hormone called...?

- This hormone stimulates the corpus luteum in the woman's ovary to continue producing progesterone. This acts to maintain the lining of the uterus so that the embryo will continue to be nourished

40

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

human chorionic gonadotropin (HCG)

Labor:

Uterine contractions are known to be stimulated by two agents:

1. Oxytocin

2. Prostaglandins ( ___________, ________ )

PGFalpha; PGE2