ANAPHY MT 100 LEC - Cardiovascular System wip heheh

Heart, Blood Vessels, Blood

Enumerate the three main components of the Cardiovascular System

Heart

Muscular pump that generates the pressure needed to move blood

Blood Vessels

Tubes that transport blood throughout the body

Blood

Connective tissue that carries oxygen, nutrients, hormones, immune cell, and metabolic waste

Delivers oxygen and nutrients to body cells;

Remove CO2 and metabolic waste;

Transport hormones;

Carry immune cell and antibodies;

Regulate temperature;

Homeostasis

Enumerate the primary functions of the cardiovascular system

Oxygen cannot reach tissues;

Nutrients cant be delivered;

CO2 accumulates;

hormones cant reach target organs;

immune cells cant fight infection;

heat cant be distributed

Enumerate the reasons why cardiovascular system is important (without circulation...)

Mediastinum

The heart is located in the _____

Mediastinum

The central component of the thoracic cavity

in the Mediastinum,

between lungs,

posterior to sternum,

superior to diaphragm,

two-third of heart is on the left of the midline

State the location of the Heart

250-350g in adults;

clenched fist size

Enumerate the weight and size of the Heart

Base of the Heart

Broad superior portion where great vessels enter and leave

Apex of the Heart

Pointed inferior tip; directed downwards, forwards, and to the left; formed mainly by left ventricle

Apex of the Heart

the site of the Point of Maximal Impulse

left 5th intercostal space along the midclavicular line

The apex beat is normally palpated at the ...

Fibrous Pericardium, Serous Pericardium, Pericardial Cavity

Enumerate the protective coverings of the Heart

Fibrous Pericardium

Tough outer connective tissue layer that anchors the heart to surrounding structures, preventing excessive stretching of heart

Parietal Layer, Visceral Layer (Epicardium)

The Serous Pericardium is divided into:

Parietal Layer

Lines the inner surface of the fibrous pericardium

Visceral Layer/Epicardium

Covers the external surface of the heart

Pericardial Activity

Space between the parietal and visceral layers, containing a small amount of pericardial fluid, reducing friction during heartbeats

Pericardial Fluid

A fluid that reduces friction during heartbeats

Epicardium, Myocardium, Endocardium

Enumerate the Wall Layers of the Heart

Epicardium (Visceral Pericardium)

Outer most protective layer of the heart

Myocardium

Thick muscular middle layer, responsible for pumping blood

Left Ventricle

Where is the Myocardium the thickest at?

Endocardium

Smooth inner endothelial lining of chambers and valves, preventing clot formation

Pericardiatis

inflammation of the pericardium, causing chest pain due to friction between pericardial layers

Superior Vena Cava;

Inferior Vena Cava;

Pulmonary Trunk;

Pulmonary Veins;

Aorta

Enumerate the great vessels of the heart

Coronary Sulcus

Groove that separates the atria from the ventricles

Coronary Arteries, Coronary Veins

The Coronary Sulcus contains:

Coronary Arteries

Supplies oxygen-rich blood to myocardium

Interventricular Sulcus

Marks the separation of the right and left ventricles externally

Right Atrium, Right Ventricle, Left Atrium, Left Ventricle

Enumerate the four chambers of the heart

Right Atrium

Superior right chamber that receives deoxygenated blood from the body

Superior and Inferior Vena Cava, Coronary Sinus

Blood enters the Right Atrium through:

Coronary Sinus

returns blood from the heart muscle to the right atrium

Right Ventricle

Inferior right chamber pumping deoxygenated blood to the lungs

Pulmonary Trunk and Pulmonary Arteries

The Right ventricle allows for passage of blood out of the heart into the lungs through the:

Left Atrium

Superior Left chamber receiving oxygenated blood from the lungs

Pulmonary Veins

The oxygenated blood enters the Left Ventricle through the

Left Ventricle

The largest and strongest chamber, pumping oxygen-rich blood to the entire body through the aorta

Left Ventricle

Has the thickest myocardium because it pumps against high systematic pressure

Interatrial Septum, Interventricular Septum, Trabeculae Carneae, Papillary Muscles, Chordae Tendinae

Enumerate the Internal Structures of the Heart

Interatrial Septum

Separates the right and left atria

Fossa Ovalis

The Interatrial Septum contains the ____

Fossa Ovalis

A remnant of the fetal foramen ovale

Interventricular Septum

Thick muscular walls that separates the two ventricles

Interventricular Septum

An internal structure of the heart that prevents the mixing of oxygenated and deoxygenated blood

Trabeculae Carneae

Irregular muscular ridges found inside the ventricles that improve the efficiency of ventricular contraction

Trabeculae Carneae

Internal structure that improves the efficiency of ventricular contraction

Papillary Muscles

Cone-shaped muscles attached to the ventricular wall that contracts during ventricular systole

Ventricular Systole

The papillary muscles contract during the contraction of ventricles

Chordae Tendinae

Strong fibrous cords connecting papillary muscles to the AV valves

Chordae Tendinae

Prevent valve prolapse during ventricular contraction

Valve prolapse

the stretching of an atrioventricular valve leaflet into the atrium during diastole

Heart Valves

Ensures the one-way blood flow by preventing backflow of blood

Atrioventricular Valves (Tricuspid, Bicuspid);

Semilunar Valves (Pulmonary, Aortic)

Enumerate the Heart Valves

Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Heart valves located between the atria and ventricles

Tricuspid valve and Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

Enumerate the Atrioventricular (AV) valves

Tricuspid Valve

A valve with three cusps located between the right atrium and right ventricle

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

A valve with two cusps located between the left atrium and left ventricle

Semilunar Valves

Located between the ventricles and the great arteries

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve, Aortic Semilunar Valve

Enumerate the Semilunar Valves

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve

Between the right ventricle and pulmonary trunk

Aortic Semilunar Valve

Between the left ventricle and aorta

AV valves close, Semilunar valves open

During contraction, the heart valves...

Semilunar Valves close, AV valves open

During relaxation, the heart valves...

Heart Murmur

an abnormal sound produced by turbulent blood flow

Valve Stenosis or Valve Insufficiency (Regurgitation)

A Heart Murmur is often caused by

Tricuspid Valve

This valve prevents backflow into the right atrium

Mitral (Bicuspid) Valve

This valve prevents backflow into the left atrium

Pulmonary Valve

This valve prevents backflow into the right ventricle

Aortic Valve

This valve prevents backflow into the left ventricle

Deoxygenated blood returns from the body through the superior and inferior vena cava, entering into the right atrium

Enumerate the STEP 1 of blood flow through the heart

Blood passes through the tricuspid valve, into the right ventricle

Enumerate the STEP 2 of blood flow through the heart

The right ventricle contracts, blood passes through the:

Pulmonary Semilunar Valve,

Pulmonary Trunk,

Pulmonary arteries

into the Lungs

Enumerate the STEP 3 of blood flow through the heart

Gas exchange occurs in the lungs, blood becomes oxygenated

Enumerate the STEP 4 of blood flow through the heart

Lungs

Where does gas exchange occur?

Oxygen-rich blood enters through the four pulmonary veins, into the left atrium

Enumerate the STEP 5 of blood flow through the heart

Blood passes through the Mitral Valve into the Left Ventricle

Enumerate the STEP 6 of blood flow through the heart

The left ventricle contracts, blood passes through the Aortic Semilunar Valve into the Aorta, to the Entire Body

Enumerate the STEP 7 of blood flow through the heart

Coronary Circulation

circulation of blood through the coronary blood vessels to deliver oxygen and nutrients to the heart muscle tissue

Coronary Arteries

Arise from the ascending aorta, supplying oxygen and nutrients into the myocardium

Right Coronary Artery and Left Coronary Artery

Enumerate the major Coronary Arteries

Right Coronary Artery

Artery that supplies the right atrium, right ventricle, and parts of the conduction system

Left Coronary Artery

Supplies the left atrium, left ventricle, and interventricular septum

Anterior Interventricular Artery, Circumflex Artery

The Left Coronary Artery can be divided into:

Cardiac Veins

Returns deoxygenated blood into the coronary sinus, entering the right atrium

Myocardial Infection

Blockage of coronary artery due to reduced oxygen supply of the heart muscle

Conduction System of the Heart

allows the heart to beat automatically without direct nervous stimulation

Sinoatrial (SA) Node, Atrioventricular (AV) Node, AV Bundle, Right and Left bundle branches, Purkinje Fibers

Enumerate the components of the Conduction System of the Heart

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

conduction component located in the right atrium near the superior vena cava

Sinoatrial (SA) Node

The Natural Pacemaker of the heart, generating 60-100 impulses per minute

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Conduction Component located in the lower interatrial septum

Atrioventricular (AV) Node

Delays the electrical impulses for 0.1 seconds, allowing the ventricles to fill completely before contraction

AV Bundle (Bundle of His)

Only electrical connection between the atria and ventricles, conducting impulses into the interventricular septum

Right and Left Bundle Branches

Carry impulses toward the apex of the heart

Purkinje Fibers

Distributes impulses throughout the ventricular myocardium

Purkinje Fibers

Causes the ventricles to contract from the apex towards the base, ejecting blood into the pulmonary trunk and aorta

Arrhythmias

Damage to the conduction system, requiring treatment with medication or implantation of an artificial pacemaker