IP Midterm #2

Order

In the English School of International Relations, A basic pattern of international activity that maintains elementary goals of social life (peace, property, and treaty compliance) under anarchy.

Society of States

A group of sovereign states bound by shared rules and institutions that prioritize mutual recognition and non-interference.

World Society

A global community where individual human beings (not states) are the primary unit of moral value, prioritizing universal human rights.

Pluralism

Protect state sovereignty and non-interference

Solidarism

Enforce universal human rights, overriding sovereignty than necessary

Universal Jurisdiction

Legal authority of national domestic courts to prosecute foreign individuals for heinous global crimes (like genocide) regardless of where the crime occurred

International Criminal Court (ICC)

Permanent global tribunal that holds individual perpetrators accountable for any crimes

Responsibility to Protect (R2P)

Redefines sovereignty as a state’s positive duty to safeguard its citizens; if a government fails or commits atrocities, the international community has an obligation to intervene.

Active Underdevelopment

Marxist idea that wealthy “core” nations actively exploit and manipulate developing countries to keep them structurally poor and dependent.

Gramscian Hegemony

Ruling elites maintain global dominance not just through military force, but my manufacturing consent so their worldview is accepted as natural.

Core

Wealthy tech capital/owners

Semi-Periphery

Intermediate buffer states

Periphery

Exploited raw material/labor providers

washington consensus

Free-market economic policies (privatization, deregulation, austerity) imposed on developing nations by interantional financial institutions (IMF/World Bank)

Deontology

Duty-based ethics: Means and ends are linked. An outcome can never justify using inherently immoral methods.

Consequentialism

Outcome-based ethics: An action is moral if its overall results produce more good than harm.

Just Cause

Legitimate moral grounds for entering war, traditionally restricted to self-defense, aiding an attacked ally, or stopping mass atrocities.

Proportionality

Requirement that military force used must not exceed what is strictly necessary to acheive the legitimate objective or cause excess destruction.

Non-Combatant Immunity

Rule prohibiting the international targeting of civilians in armed conflict and requiring active efforts to minimize civilian harm.

Anarchy is what the state makes of it

Systemic anarchy doesn’t inherently force states to compete; state interactions and shared beliefs determine whether anarchy leads to enmity or cooperationR

Rationalist Constructivism

Studies how norms and identity shape state preferences, while assuming actors calculate costs/benefits within those social norms

Consistent Constructivis

A reflectivist approach focusing on language and discourse as creators of reality, asking “how was this policy made possible?” rather than seeking objective material causes.