CSD: Lang Lit Disorders Midterm Exam

speech

oral expression of language

language

A system of communication through the use of speech, a collection of sounds understood by a group of people to have the same meaning.

communication

the imparting or exchanging of information with other people

metalinguistics

the ability to think about and talk about language

paralinguistic

deals with tone, pitch, rhythm, loudness and inflection of voice

extralinguistic

use of body language and gestures to communicate

content

meaning of language

form

structure of language

use

function of language

receptive language

ability to understand what is being said

expressive language

the language that we use to convey our thoughts, emotions, or needs

written language

communication by means of written symbols

phonology

the study of speech sounds in language

morphology

the study of the structure of words

semantics

the study of word meaning in language

pragmatics

the practical use of language that includes the ability to adjust language communication according to audience and context

syntax

the rules for combining words into grammatically sensible sentences in a given language

what aspect of language does phonology fit under?

form

what aspect of language does morphology fit under?

form

what aspect of language does syntax fit under?

form

what aspect of language does semantics fit under?

content

what aspect of language does pragmatics fit under?

use

why do SLPs use APA style?

it is guidelines for strength and standards in research. it provides consistency, integrity, and credibility in work.

risk factors of child language delay/disorder?

hearing loss, birth complications, parental education, and genetics

what is a late talker?

"Late talkers" is a group of children characterized by a significant expressive language delay at 24-30 months of age - less than 50 words by 24mo

4 reasons for a child to be a late talker

ASD, selective mutism, childhood apraxia of speech (CAS), hearing impairment

what is the gene associated with SLI, ASD, and CAS?

FOXP2

DLD - developmental language disorder

an umbrella term for primary (specific) and secondary language disorders

what percentage of children with language difficulties end up diagnosed with a learning disability?

60-80%

primary language disorder

SLI - language is impaired but has normal development

secondary language disorder

ASD, intellectual disability, fragile X, hearing problems, ADHD, motor disorders, turner syndrome

written language disorder

dyslexia

specific language disorder in literacy

learning or language disability

SLI - specific language impairment

- present with discorded language despite having regular development

- uses exclusionary criteria and is diagnosed by what it is not

typical exclusionary criteria of SLI

hearing difficulty, no gross motor development, ASD, intellectual disability, structural and oral-motor abnormalities

what percentage of kids have SLI?

7% of kindergarten aged children

ID - intellectual disability

- below average IQ scores and subaverage adaptive behaviors

- symptoms must occur within the developmental period

TBI - traumatic brain injury

- a disruption in the normal function of the brain that can be caused by a bump, blow, or jolt to the head, or penetrating head injury

- can impair language functioning depending on the severity of the TBI

ASD - autism spectrum disorder

a condition beginning in early childhood in which a person shows persistent communication deficits as well as restricted and repetitive patterns of behaviors, interests, or activities

what is the prevalence of autism?

1 in 31 children are diagnosed

how much has autism diagnoses increased since 2000?

24%

level 1 autism

characterized by deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication, limited invitations, minimal response, and some unusual communication

level 2 autism

characterized by significant deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication, considerable social interactions, limited initiations, abnormal responses, and odd nonverbal communication

level 3 autism

characterized by severe deficits in verbal and nonverbal communication, limited initiation, minimal response even with support and prompting, communicates needs only, and does not communicate for social communication purposes

FASD - fetal alcohol spectrum disorder,

set of problems that occur as a consequence of high maternal alcohol use during pregnancy, including facial deformities, heart problems, misshapen limbs, and a variety of cognitive problems

down syndrome

a condition of mild to severe intellectual disability and associated physical disorders caused by an extra copy of chromosome 21 (trisomy 21)

low incidence disorders

selective mutism, cerebral palsy, aac users, childhood schizophrenia

social communication disorder

a pragmatic language impairment in which an individual displays difficulties understanding and using verbal and nonverbal social cues

learning disability

- a heterogeneous term for a group of disorders that affect listening, speaking, reading, writing, reasoning, and mathematics

- it includes a genetic component

- the child has normal IQ scores but may have mental health consequences

what percentage of the population is diagnosed with a learning disability?

20% of the population

literacy in learning disabilities

in third grade, children begin reading to learn, and they noticeably fall behind

calculating IQ scores

mental age divided by chronological age, then multiplied by 100

IDEA Disability Categories

Autism

Deaf-blindness

Deafness

Developmental delay

Emotional disturbance

Hearing impairment

Intellectual disability

Multiple disabilities

Orthopedic impairment

Other health impairment

Specific learning disability

Speech or language impairment

Traumatic brain injury

Visual impairment, including blindness

why is down syndrome a focus in the scope of SLPs?

Children with down syndrome often understand more than they can say; they have deficits in expressive language and low muscle tone, which can make it difficult for speech production and clarity.

what is the specific cause of down syndrome?

a third copy of the chromosome 21 - trisomy 21

which groups of individuals use AAC?

individuals who are nonverbal or minimally verbal, unable to properly communicate without assistance - ASD, Cerebral Palsy, CAS, Down Syndrome, TBI

high tech AAC devices

computers, speech synthesizers, tablets

low tech AAC devices

notepad, photos, picture communication board, alphabet board, topic board

AAC impact on nonverbal groups

positive and transformative impact on non-verbal children, helping them express needs, lower frustration, and often supporting spoken language development

why are there so many labels for child language disorders?

because there are multiple systems that utilize language disorder labels (e.g., education, medical, research), disorders are labeled more specifically or more broadly. this creates a lot of different labels even if the criteria match another disorder.

what kinds of challenges arise from label confusion?

many people in the individual's support system struggle to access services; they face denial and rejection of services because label confusion can lead to a misunderstanding of the diagnosis by other people. it becomes stressful, and it takes a lot of time to navigate the systems.

what is meant by functional language goals and

functional approaches to child language?

goals that are able to be met by the child and adapted for further progress - using expressive skills like for wants and needs. the approach for use in social environments.

what is language skill generation?

the transition of learning a language to understanding it in context, to further using it to generate meaning.

- receptive : listening & reading

- productive : speaking & writing

primary prevention

eliminate the onset and development of a disorder by altering susceptibility or reducing exposure for susceptible individuals

secondary prevention

early detection and treatment

preventative prevention

intervention given to delay the symptoms

tertiary prevention

reduce a disability by attempting to restore effective functioning

EBP

use of information from research and other sources to determine safe and effective care with the goal of improving patient care and outcomes while putting the patient first

Level 1 of evaluating external research

RCTs

Level 2 of evaluating external research

Quasi

Level 3 of evaluating external research

case studies, correlational studies

PICO

Population

Intervention

Comparison

Outcome

internal evidence

provided by an individual client's perspective and beliefs and an SLP's clinical expertise

external evidence

the documentary evidence obtained directly from independent external sources, like research

type token ratio

measure of vocabulary variation or the number of different words - TTR (# of unique words/# of total words = x 100)

mean length of utterance

the average number of morphemes per utterance - MLU (# of morphemes/# of utterances = x 100)

maze

a linguistic disruption such as revision, part or whole word repetition, "um", "like"

complex sentence

a sentence with one independent clause and at least one dependent clause

narrative sample

story grammar, sequence of events

conversational sample

turn taking, topic maintenance

6 finite morphemes

unconcop, unconaux, concop, conaux, past tense -ed, and third person present -3s

what are the best practices for eliciting a representative language sample?

build trust, perform in natural context, allow time for answers, use open-ended questions, prepare materials ahead of time