Blood and Vessel Disease

Hematopoiesis

production of new blood cells

cytokines + growth factor

enable progenitor cells to differentiate further

Myeloid stem cell

megakaryocytes, RBCs, mast cells, and myeloblasts

Lymphocyte stem cell

NK cells + B & T cells

myeloblasts

basophils, eosinophils, neutrophils, and monocytes

granulocytes, monocytes, lymphocytes

types of WBCs

mature

WBCs are usually _______

neutrophils

most common type of granulocyte, attack bacteria; highest percentage and are part of the innate immune system

20

Each neutrophil cell can consume up to ____ bacteria in its lifetime

Eosinophils

Contain granules that are released during their response to an allergic reaction; fight off parasites

Basophils

smallest numbers in peripheral blood; contain histamine

Lymphocytes

the next largest percentage and are part of both the innate and MOSTLY adaptive immunity; directly attack (viruses) or produces ABs against antigens

Monocytes

remove debris and dead cells at sites of infection or tissue damage; sentinel

Dendritic cells

antigen presenting cell

Macrophages

etection, phagocytosis and destruction

Leukemias

malignant; nonfunctional WBCs are released into peripheral blood.

4.5 × 10⁹/L to 100 × 10⁹/L

total white blood cell count in different leukemias varies from less than

Acute leukemias

have immature blasts (i.e., primitive, undifferentiated blood cells) in peripheral blood

Chronic leukemias

have mature but abnormal white blood cells

Acute lymphocytic leukemia (ALL)

most common in children; early lymphoid proliferate and rapidly replace normal cells in the bone marrow and peripheral blood.

anemia, neutropenia, thrombocytopenia

patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia will have

LDH and uric acid

Increased cell turnover results in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia will have elevated levels of both

Acute myelogenous leukemia (AML)

bone marrow disease via arrested development of the myeloid progenitor stem cell; more than 20% blasts in the bone marrow; DIC

stages

difference between ALL and AML

Chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL)

most common type of leukemia in adults; proliferation of a large number of small, nonfunctional lymphocytes; progresses slowly and asymptomatic

smudge

lymphocytes have what phenotype in CLL

Chronic myelogenous leukemia (CML)

malignant disease in which the bone marrow produces increased numbers of granulocytes; Patients often have anemia and splenomegaly

philadelphia

what chromosome does CML have

greater than 100 x 10⁹ /L

WBCs count of CML

Hairy cell leukemia (HCL)

unusual B cell leukemia resulted from environmental toxins; extensive bone marrow involvement that leads to pancytopenia

cytochemical stains

used for diagnosing HCL

Myelodysplastic Syndromes

Primary neoplastic, pluripotential stem cell disorder; ineffective blood cell production resulting in a decreased numbers of all blood cells ( erythrocytic, granulocytic, and thrombocytic); premalignant

Lymphomas

Malignancy of the lymphatic tissue; derived from abnormal T or B cells, even DNA abnormality

Non-/Hodgkin

two major types of lymphoma

Hodgkin lymphoma

abnormal B cell; Epstein-Barr virus and DNA mutation may be linked to this disease; lymph nodes contain Reed-Sternberg

cells (2 nuclei, which is abnormal)