HIST midterm unit5

Shang Dynasty

EN: Early Chinese dynasty known for bronze work and oracle bones. | JP: 青銅器と甲骨文字で知られる古代中国王朝。

Identify the term: Early Chinese dynasty known for bronze work and oracle bones?

Shang Dynasty | JP: 青銅器と甲骨文字で知られる古代中国王朝。

What should you remember about Shang Dynasty?

Early Chinese dynasty known for bronze work and oracle bones. | JP: 青銅器と甲骨文字で知られる古代中国王朝。

Zhou Dynasty

EN: Chinese dynasty that justified rule through the Mandate of Heaven. | JP: 天命思想によって支配を正当化した中国王朝。

Identify the term: Chinese dynasty that justified rule through the Mandate of Heaven?

Zhou Dynasty | JP: 天命思想によって支配を正当化した中国王朝。

What should you remember about Zhou Dynasty?

Chinese dynasty that justified rule through the Mandate of Heaven. | JP: 天命思想によって支配を正当化した中国王朝。

Mandate of Heaven

EN: Idea that Heaven grants rule to a moral ruler and can withdraw it. | JP: 徳ある支配者に天が統治権を与え、失政なら取り上げる思想。

Identify the term: Idea that Heaven grants rule to a moral ruler and can withdraw it?

Mandate of Heaven | JP: 徳ある支配者に天が統治権を与え、失政なら取り上げる思想。

What should you remember about Mandate of Heaven?

Idea that Heaven grants rule to a moral ruler and can withdraw it. | JP: 徳ある支配者に天が統治権を与え、失政なら取り上げる思想。

Confucius

EN: Chinese thinker who emphasized morality, relationships, and proper conduct. | JP: 道徳・人間関係・礼を重視した中国の思想家。

Identify the term: Chinese thinker who emphasized morality, relationships, and proper conduct?

Confucius | JP: 道徳・人間関係・礼を重視した中国の思想家。

What should you remember about Confucius?

Chinese thinker who emphasized morality, relationships, and proper conduct. | JP: 道徳・人間関係・礼を重視した中国の思想家。

Confucianism

EN: Ethical system stressing duty, family roles, education, and good government. | JP: 義務・家族関係・教育・良い政治を重視する思想。

Identify the term: Ethical system stressing duty, family roles, education, and good government?

Confucianism | JP: 義務・家族関係・教育・良い政治を重視する思想。

What should you remember about Confucianism?

Ethical system stressing duty, family roles, education, and good government. | JP: 義務・家族関係・教育・良い政治を重視する思想。

Daoism

EN: Chinese philosophy seeking harmony with the Dao and natural order. | JP: 道と自然の流れとの調和を重視する中国思想。

Identify the term: Chinese philosophy seeking harmony with the Dao and natural order?

Daoism | JP: 道と自然の流れとの調和を重視する中国思想。

What should you remember about Daoism?

Chinese philosophy seeking harmony with the Dao and natural order. | JP: 道と自然の流れとの調和を重視する中国思想。

Legalism

EN: Philosophy favoring strict laws and strong state authority. | JP: 厳格な法と強い国家権力を重視する思想。

Identify the term: Philosophy favoring strict laws and strong state authority?

Legalism | JP: 厳格な法と強い国家権力を重視する思想。

What should you remember about Legalism?

Philosophy favoring strict laws and strong state authority. | JP: 厳格な法と強い国家権力を重視する思想。

Qin Dynasty

EN: Dynasty that first unified China under a centralized imperial state. | JP: 中国を初めて中央集権的帝国として統一した王朝。

Identify the term: Dynasty that first unified China under a centralized imperial state?

Qin Dynasty | JP: 中国を初めて中央集権的帝国として統一した王朝。

What should you remember about Qin Dynasty?

Dynasty that first unified China under a centralized imperial state. | JP: 中国を初めて中央集権的帝国として統一した王朝。

Qin Shi Huang

EN: First Qin emperor who unified China and standardized the empire. | JP: 中国を統一し制度を標準化した秦の始皇帝。

Identify the term: First Qin emperor who unified China and standardized the empire?

Qin Shi Huang | JP: 中国を統一し制度を標準化した秦の始皇帝。

What should you remember about Qin Shi Huang?

First Qin emperor who unified China and standardized the empire. | JP: 中国を統一し制度を標準化した秦の始皇帝。

Han Dynasty

EN: Long-lasting dynasty that kept Qin centralization but ruled more flexibly. | JP: 秦の中央集権を引き継ぎつつ、より柔軟に統治した王朝。

Identify the term: Long-lasting dynasty that kept Qin centralization but ruled more flexibly?

Han Dynasty | JP: 秦の中央集権を引き継ぎつつ、より柔軟に統治した王朝。

What should you remember about Han Dynasty?

Long-lasting dynasty that kept Qin centralization but ruled more flexibly. | JP: 秦の中央集権を引き継ぎつつ、より柔軟に統治した王朝。

Chinese Civil Service

EN: Government bureaucracy increasingly linked to learning and official selection. | JP: 学問や官僚選抜と結びついた中国の行政制度。

Identify the term: Government bureaucracy increasingly linked to learning and official selection?

Chinese Civil Service | JP: 学問や官僚選抜と結びついた中国の行政制度。

What should you remember about Chinese Civil Service?

Government bureaucracy increasingly linked to learning and official selection. | JP: 学問や官僚選抜と結びついた中国の行政制度。

Yellow River

EN: Major river valley associated with early Chinese civilization. | JP: 初期中国文明と深く結びつく主要河川。

Identify the term: Major river valley associated with early Chinese civilization?

Yellow River | JP: 初期中国文明と深く結びつく主要河川。

What should you remember about Yellow River?

Major river valley associated with early Chinese civilization. | JP: 初期中国文明と深く結びつく主要河川。

Yangtze River

EN: Major southern Chinese river supporting agriculture and settlement. | JP: 中国南部の農業と定住を支えた主要河川。

Identify the term: Major southern Chinese river supporting agriculture and settlement?

Yangtze River | JP: 中国南部の農業と定住を支えた主要河川。

What should you remember about Yangtze River?

Major southern Chinese river supporting agriculture and settlement. | JP: 中国南部の農業と定住を支えた主要河川。

Oracle bones

EN: Inscribed bones used for divination and early Chinese writing. | JP: 占いと初期中国文字に使われた刻字された骨。

Identify the term: Inscribed bones used for divination and early Chinese writing?

Oracle bones | JP: 占いと初期中国文字に使われた刻字された骨。

What should you remember about Oracle bones?

Inscribed bones used for divination and early Chinese writing. | JP: 占いと初期中国文字に使われた刻字された骨。

Shang bronze technology

EN: Advanced bronze casting reflected wealth, ritual, and elite power. | JP: 高度な青銅鋳造は富・儀礼・支配層の権力を示した。

Identify the term: Advanced bronze casting reflected wealth, ritual, and elite power?

Shang bronze technology | JP: 高度な青銅鋳造は富・儀礼・支配層の権力を示した。

What should you remember about Shang bronze technology?

Advanced bronze casting reflected wealth, ritual, and elite power. | JP: 高度な青銅鋳造は富・儀礼・支配層の権力を示した。

Dynastic cycle

EN: Pattern in which a dynasty rises, declines, and loses Heaven's approval. | JP: 王朝が興隆・衰退し天の支持を失うという歴史観。

Identify the term: Pattern in which a dynasty rises, declines, and loses Heaven's approval?

Dynastic cycle | JP: 王朝が興隆・衰退し天の支持を失うという歴史観。

What should you remember about Dynastic cycle?

Pattern in which a dynasty rises, declines, and loses Heaven's approval. | JP: 王朝が興隆・衰退し天の支持を失うという歴史観。

Why did the Zhou use the Mandate of Heaven?

EN: It justified replacing an immoral Shang ruler with a new dynasty. | JP: 不徳な殷王を倒し新王朝が支配することを正当化するため。

Which historical question does this answer? It justified replacing an immoral Shang ruler with a new dynasty?

Why did the Zhou use the Mandate of Heaven? | JP: 不徳な殷王を倒し新王朝が支配することを正当化するため。

Give the core answer: Why did the Zhou use the Mandate of Heaven?

It justified replacing an immoral Shang ruler with a new dynasty. | JP: 不徳な殷王を倒し新王朝が支配することを正当化するため。

Warring States period

EN: Era of competing Chinese states and intense political conflict. | JP: 中国諸国が激しく争った戦国時代。

Identify the term: Era of competing Chinese states and intense political conflict?

Warring States period | JP: 中国諸国が激しく争った戦国時代。

What should you remember about Warring States period?

Era of competing Chinese states and intense political conflict. | JP: 中国諸国が激しく争った戦国時代。

Ren

EN: Confucian virtue of humaneness or benevolence toward others. | JP: 他者への仁愛・人間らしさを表す儒教の徳。

Identify the term: Confucian virtue of humaneness or benevolence toward others?

Ren | JP: 他者への仁愛・人間らしさを表す儒教の徳。

What should you remember about Ren?

Confucian virtue of humaneness or benevolence toward others. | JP: 他者への仁愛・人間らしさを表す儒教の徳。

Li

EN: Confucian idea of proper ritual, behavior, and social conduct. | JP: 正しい儀礼・行動・社会的作法を表す儒教概念。

Identify the term: Confucian idea of proper ritual, behavior, and social conduct?

Li | JP: 正しい儀礼・行動・社会的作法を表す儒教概念。

What should you remember about Li?

Confucian idea of proper ritual, behavior, and social conduct. | JP: 正しい儀礼・行動・社会的作法を表す儒教概念。

Filial piety

EN: Respect and duty toward parents and family elders. | JP: 親や年長者への敬意と義務を重視する考え。

Identify the term: Respect and duty toward parents and family elders?

Filial piety | JP: 親や年長者への敬意と義務を重視する考え。

What should you remember about Filial piety?

Respect and duty toward parents and family elders. | JP: 親や年長者への敬意と義務を重視する考え。

Junzi

EN: Confucian 'superior person' who develops virtue and proper conduct. | JP: 徳と正しい行いを身につける儒教の「君子」。

Identify the term: Confucian 'superior person' who develops virtue and proper conduct?

Junzi | JP: 徳と正しい行いを身につける儒教の「君子」。

What should you remember about Junzi?

Confucian 'superior person' who develops virtue and proper conduct. | JP: 徳と正しい行いを身につける儒教の「君子」。

Rectification of names

EN: Confucian idea that roles and titles should match proper behavior. | JP: 名称・役割と実際の行動を一致させるべきという儒教思想。

Identify the term: Confucian idea that roles and titles should match proper behavior?

Rectification of names | JP: 名称・役割と実際の行動を一致させるべきという儒教思想。

What should you remember about Rectification of names?

Confucian idea that roles and titles should match proper behavior. | JP: 名称・役割と実際の行動を一致させるべきという儒教思想。

Dao

EN: The Way or natural order central to Daoist thought. | JP: 道教思想の中心となる「道」・自然の流れ。

Identify the term: The Way or natural order central to Daoist thought?

Dao | JP: 道教思想の中心となる「道」・自然の流れ。

What should you remember about Dao?

The Way or natural order central to Daoist thought. | JP: 道教思想の中心となる「道」・自然の流れ。

Wu wei

EN: Daoist ideal of effortless action in harmony with the natural way. | JP: 自然の流れに逆らわず無理なく行動する道教の「無為」。

Identify the term: Daoist ideal of effortless action in harmony with the natural way?

Wu wei | JP: 自然の流れに逆らわず無理なく行動する道教の「無為」。

What should you remember about Wu wei?

Daoist ideal of effortless action in harmony with the natural way. | JP: 自然の流れに逆らわず無理なく行動する道教の「無為」。

Strong state under Legalism

EN: Legalists favored strict laws, rewards, punishments, and centralized power. | JP: 法家は厳しい法・賞罰・中央集権的権力を重視した。

Identify the term: Legalists favored strict laws, rewards, punishments, and centralized power?

Strong state under Legalism | JP: 法家は厳しい法・賞罰・中央集権的権力を重視した。

What should you remember about Strong state under Legalism?

Legalists favored strict laws, rewards, punishments, and centralized power. | JP: 法家は厳しい法・賞罰・中央集権的権力を重視した。

Qin standardization

EN: Qin unified weights, measures, writing, and other systems. | JP: 秦は度量衡・文字などを標準化した。

Identify the term: Qin unified weights, measures, writing, and other systems?

Qin standardization | JP: 秦は度量衡・文字などを標準化した。

What should you remember about Qin standardization?

Qin unified weights, measures, writing, and other systems. | JP: 秦は度量衡・文字などを標準化した。

Terracotta Army

EN: Life-size clay soldiers buried with Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. | JP: 秦始皇帝陵に埋められた等身大の兵馬俑。

Identify the term: Life-size clay soldiers buried with Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum?

Terracotta Army | JP: 秦始皇帝陵に埋められた等身大の兵馬俑。

What should you remember about Terracotta Army?

Life-size clay soldiers buried with Qin Shi Huang's mausoleum. | JP: 秦始皇帝陵に埋められた等身大の兵馬俑。

Why did the Qin fall quickly?

EN: Harsh Legalist rule and heavy burdens fueled rebellion after the emperor's death. | JP: 厳しい法家統治と重い負担が始皇帝死後の反乱を招いたため。

Which historical question does this answer? Harsh Legalist rule and heavy burdens fueled rebellion after the emperor's death?

Why did the Qin fall quickly? | JP: 厳しい法家統治と重い負担が始皇帝死後の反乱を招いたため。

Give the core answer: Why did the Qin fall quickly?

Harsh Legalist rule and heavy burdens fueled rebellion after the emperor's death. | JP: 厳しい法家統治と重い負担が始皇帝死後の反乱を招いたため。

Shang → Zhou → Qin → Han

This is the essential early Chinese dynastic sequence to memorize. | JP: 殷→周→秦→漢。

Shang + oracle bones

Oracle bones reveal divination, royal concerns, and early Chinese writing. | JP: 甲骨文は占い・王権・初期文字を示す。

Shang + bronze

Elite bronze vessels and weapons showed ritual and political power. | JP: 青銅器が儀礼・政治権力を示した。

Zhou + Mandate of Heaven

The Zhou used the Mandate to justify replacing the Shang. | JP: 周は天命で殷打倒を正当化。

Mandate of Heaven + dynastic cycle

A dynasty rises with Heaven's approval and may lose it through bad rule. | JP: 天命を得て興り、悪政で失うという王朝循環。

Zhou decentralization → Warring States

Regional lords grew stronger as royal authority weakened. | JP: 地方諸侯の強大化で王権が弱まり戦国へ。

Warring States → Qin

Intense interstate competition ended with Qin unification. | JP: 戦国の競争→秦による統一。

Confucianism vs. Daoism

Confucianism stresses social duties and virtue; Daoism stresses harmony with the natural Way. | JP: 儒家＝社会的義務と徳、道家＝自然の道との調和。

Confucianism vs. Legalism

Confucianism emphasizes moral cultivation; Legalism emphasizes strict law, rewards, and punishment. | JP: 儒家＝徳、法家＝法・賞罰。

Daoism vs. Legalism

Daoism favors minimal interference; Legalism favors strong state control. | JP: 道家＝無為、法家＝強い国家統制。

Ren + li + filial piety

These are key Confucian ideas: benevolence, proper conduct, and family respect. | JP: 仁・礼・孝。

Junzi: what kind of person?

A morally cultivated person who models proper behavior. | JP: 徳を磨き模範となる君子。

Wu wei: government idea

Good rule may involve less forced interference and more alignment with the natural Way. | JP: 無理な介入を減らし自然の道に沿う統治。