Ultimate Gen Psych Mid-Term Study Guide

The scientific study of the mind and behavior.

Psychology

Founder of psychology who created the first research lab and emphasized structuralism(father of psychology)

Wilhelm Wundt

Understanding the conscious experience through introspection.

Structuralism

First American psychologist who established functionalism.

William James

Focused on how mental activities helped an organism adapt to its environment.

Functionalism

Founded psychoanalytic theory, focusing on the unconscious mind and early childhood experiences.

Sigmund Freud

Focuses on humans and perception "as a whole "rather than individual parts.

Gestalt Psychology

Discovered classical conditioning using conditioned reflexes in animals.(Dog with bell)

Ivan Pavlov

Father of behaviorism; focused on observable behavior and environmental control.

John B. Watson

Studied operant conditioning using reinforcement and punishment.(Skinner box)(levers&rats)

B.F. Skinner

Proposed a hierarchy of human needs that motivate behavior.

Abraham Maslow

Developed client-centered therapy emphasizing empathy, genuineness, and unconditional positive regard.

Carl Rogers

Influential figure who helped start the cognitive revolution by incorporating mental functioning.

Noam Chomsky

The first woman to earn a doctorate in psychology.

Margaret Floy Washburn

Famous for theories regarding changes in cognitive ability from infancy to adulthood.(Development)

Jean Piaget

Sensory information received from sights, sounds, touch, and smell.

Sensation

Experience of the world influenced by attention, previous experiences, and culture.

Perception

Suggests health and illness are determined by biological, psychological, and sociocultural factors.(Overlapping circles)

Biopsychosocial Model

Process by which someone examines their own conscious experience in an attempt to break it into component parts.

Introspection

1950s movement incorporating mental functioning and cognitive processes into the scientific study of human behavior.

Cognitive Revolution

Branch of psychology that studies how the structure and function of the nervous system generate behavior.

Biopsychology

Branch of psychology that studies the physical and mental attributes of aging and maturation.

Developmental Psychology

Branch of psychology that focuses on behaviors and thought patterns that are unique to each individual.

Personality Psychology

Branch of psychology that focuses on how individuals interact and relate with others and how such interactions affect behavior.

Social Psychology

Branch of psychology that focuses on the diagnosis and treatment of psychological disorders and problematic patterns of behavior.

Clinical Psychology

Branch of psychology that applies psychological theories, principles, and research to industrial and organizational settings.

Industrial-Organizational Psychology

Branch of psychology focusing on psychological aspects regarding sports and physical performance.

Sports and Exercise Psychology

Branch of psychology dealing with the justice system, including mental competency assessments and eyewitness testimony advisement.

Forensic Psychology

-Structuralism

-Functionalism

-Psychoanalytic theory

-Gestalt Psychology

-Behaviorism

-Humanism

Psychological perspectives in order

Openness, conscientiousness, extroversion, agreeableness, and neuroticism

Five Factor Model(OCEAN)

Long-standing traits and patterns that propel individuals to consistently think, feel, and behave in specific ways(persona-mask)

Personality

Theorized that personality traits and human behaviors are based on four separate bodily fluids: choleric, melancholic, sanguine, and phlegmatic.

Hippocrates' Four Humors

Franz Gall's discredited theory that the distances between bumps on the skull reveal a person's personality traits and mental abilities.

Phrenology

The belief that most of the mind is hidden in the unconscious, where unacceptable urges are kept through repression.(Id, ego, superego)

Freud's Levels of Consciousness

The three interacting systems where the id seeks immediate pleasure, the superego acts as a moral compass, and the ego balances both.

Id, Ego, and Superego

Five stages of development (oral, anal, phallic, latency, genital) centered around erogenous zones and potential fixations.

Freud's Psychosexual Stages

Inferiority complex

Alfred Adler's: A person's feelings that they lack worth and don't measure up to the standards of others or of society.

A universal version of the personal unconscious holding mental patterns and memory traces common to all people across cultures.

Carl Jung's Collective Unconscious

Three styles children use to relieve anxiety: moving toward people, moving against people, and moving away from people.

Karen Horney's Coping Styles

The principle that behavior, cognitive processes, and situational context all continuously influence each other.

Bandura's Reciprocal Determinism

Beliefs about power over our lives, ranging from internal (outcomes are the result of personal efforts) to external (outcomes depend on luck or chance).

Rotter's Locus of Control

Found that behavior is inconsistent across different situations, famously demonstrated through the Marshmallow Study on delay of gratification.

Mischel's Person-Situation Debate

Finding alignment between the ideal self and the real self to achieve a greater sense of self-worth and a healthy life.

Rogers' Congruence

Body-type theory proposing three categories linked to personality: endomorphs, mesomorphs, and ectomorphs.

William H. Sheldon's Somatotypes

Theory focusing on two specific dimensions: extroversion/introversion and neuroticism/stability.

Eysenck Personality Dimensions

Individualist vs. Collectivist Cultures

Individualist cultures value independence and personal achievement, while collectivist cultures value social harmony and group needs.

Personality assessments using ambiguous stimuli, such as the Rorschach Inkblot Test and TAT, to reveal unconscious processes.

Projective Tests

Wilhelm Wundt (19th century)

Suggested that personality could be described using two major axes:

Emotional/non-emotional Changeable/unchangeable

Immanuel Kant (18th century)

Agreed with Galen that individuals could be categorized into one of the four temperaments.

Emotional/non-emotional

- separated strong emotions (melancholic, choleric) from the weak emotions (phlegmatic, sanguine).

Changeable/unchangeable

- divided the changeable temperaments (choleric, sanguine) from the unchangeable ones (melancholic, phlegmatic).

Sigmund Freud

Psychodynamic Perspectives (20th Century):

-First comprehensive theory of personality explaining both normal and abnormal behaviors.

-Proposed that unconscious drives influenced by sex, aggression and childhood sexuality influence personality.

Neo-Freudian's:

Psychodynamic Perspectives (20th Century)

-Agreed that childhood experiences matter.

-Less emphasis on sex.

-Focused on the social environment and effects of culture on personality.

Freudian Slip

Slips of the tongue (saying a word you did not intend to say) are sexual/aggressive urges accidentally slipping out of our unconscious.

--id and superego

--id and superego

Balanced _________→ healthy personality.

Imbalanced _________ → neurosis (tendency to experience negative emotions), anxiety disorders, or unhealthy behaviors.

Occupational tasks - careers.

Societal tasks - friendship.

Love tasks - finding an intimate partner.

Adler identified three fundamental social tasks all individuals must experience.

Carl Jung

Contributions to the field of personality psychology--idea of extroversion and introversion to explain different attitudes towards life.

Skinner

Learning approaches to personality focus on observable, measurable phenomena.

-We learn to behave in particular ways.

-Personality is shaped by reinforcements and consequences in the environment.

-Personality develops over our entire life.

-Personality can vary as we experience new situations.

Social-cognitive theory (Bandura)

Emphasizes both learning and cognition as sources of individual difference in personality

Reciprocal Determinism

Factors in personality development: Cognitive processes (beliefs, expectations, and personality characteristics), behavior, and context (environment/situation) all interact. [DUPLICATE]

Observational learning

Factors in personality development:

learning by observing someone else's behavior and it's consequences. (socially acceptable behavior)

Self-efficacy -

Factors in personality development:

level of confidence in our own abilities, developed through social experiences.

Abraham Maslow

Studied people he considered healthy, creative, and productive (Albert Einstein, Eleanor Roosevelt, Thomas Jefferson, Abraham Lincoln).

Found that they shared similar characteristics - open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concerned for others, accepting of themselves.

Carl Rogers

-Linked personality to self-concept (thoughts and feelings about ourselves).

-Ideal self - the person you would like to be.

-Real self - the person you actually are.

-High congruence → greater sense of self-worth and a health, productive life.

-Incongruence → maladjustment.

Minnesota Study of Twins Reared Apart:

Found that identical twins, whether raised together or apart, have very similar personalities.

Suggests the heritability of some personality traits.

Traits with more than a 0.50 heritability ratio - leadership, obedience to authority, a sense of well-being, alienation, resistance to stress, and fearfulness.

temperaments

Babies can be categorized into one of three ____________- easy, difficult, or slow to warm up.

Two dimensions of temperament important to adult personality:

___________- how we respond to new or challenging environmental stimuli.

____________ - ability to control responses.

Reactivity, Self-regulation

Extroversion/introversion & neuroticism/stability

Hans and Sybil Eysenck focused on temperament and believed that our personality traits are influenced by our genetic inheritance.

2 specific personality dimensions: __________&________

HANS & SYBIL EYSENCK IMAGE

The Eysenck's described two factors to account for variations in our personalities: extroversion/introversion and emotional stability/instability. [DUPLICATE]

Openness--imagination, thoughts and feelings

Low: practical, prefers routine--High:curious, lots of interest

Five Factor Model: OCEAN

O----

Conscientiousness--competence, self/goal driven

Low: Impulsive, careless---High: Dependable, organized

Five Factor Model: OCEAN

C----

Extroversion--social ability, emotional expression

Low: Quiet, reserved---High: Outgoing, warm

Five Factor Model: OCEAN

E----

Agreeableness--trusting, cooperative, good-natured

Low: critical, suspicious---High: Helpful, trusting, empathetic

Five Factor Model: OCEAN

A----

Neuroticism--tendency towards unstable emotions

Low: calm, even-tempered, secure--High: anxious prone to negative emotions

Five Factor Model: OCEAN

N----

HEXACO

The __________ model is an alternative to the Five-Factor Model. Includes six traits, five of which are variants of the traits included in the Big Five

-Humility [H], is unique to this model.

-Emotionality [E],

-Extraversion [X],

-Agreeableness [A],

-Conscientiousness [C]

-Openness [O]

Grounded in objective, tangible evidence that can be observed repeatedly regardless of who is observing.

Empirical Research

Results are predicted based on a general premise.

Deductive Reasoning

Conclusions are drawn from observations.

Inductive Reasoning

A well-developed set of ideas that propose an explanation for observed phenomena.

Theory

A tentative and testable statement about the relationship between two or more variables.

Hypothesis

Focuses on one individual, typically in an extreme or unique circumstance, to gain deep insight.

Clinical or Case Study

Observation of behavior in its natural setting to eliminate performance anxiety and observer bias.

Naturalistic Observation

When observations are skewed to align with the observer's expectations.

Observer Bias

A list of questions used to gather a large amount of data from a sample.

Surveys

Uses past records or data sets to answer various research questions or search for patterns.

Archival Research

Compares multiple segments of a population at a single point in time.

Cross-Sectional Research

Studies in which the same group of individuals is surveyed or measured repeatedly over an extended period.

Longitudinal Research

The reduction in the number of research participants as some drop out over time.

Attrition

A relationship between two or more variables where one variable changes as the other does.

Correlation

A number from -1 to +1, represented by r, number strongest either to -1 or +1

Correlation Coefficient

An unanticipated outside factor that affects both variables, giving a false impression of a cause-and-effect relationship.

Confounding Variable

Seeing relationships between two things when in reality no such relationship exists.

Illusory Correlation

The tendency to ignore evidence that disproves ideas or beliefs due to ones bias

Confirmation Bias

The participants that experience the manipulated variable in an experiment.

Experimental Group

Participants that do not experience the manipulated variable, serving as a basis for comparison.

Control Group

Description of what actions and operations will be used to measure variables.

Operational Definition

An experiment in which the researcher knows group assignments but the participants do not.

Single-Blind Study

An experiment in which both the researchers and participants are blind to group assignments(Most effective to eliminate bias)

Double-Blind Study

People's expectations or beliefs influencing or determining their experience in a given situation.

Placebo Effect

The variable that is influenced or controlled by the experimenter.

Independent Variable