Unit 2 Lec Exam

Autotroph

obtain carbon from CO2

Heterotroph

obtain carbon from organic compounds

Phototrophs

obtain energy from light

Chemotrophs

obtain energy from chemicals

Photoauthotrophs

uses light (photosynthetic) as energy and CO2 for carbon

Chemoautotrophs

uses chemicals for energy and CO2 for carbon

Lithoautotrophs

use inorganic chemicals as an energy source

Chemoheterotrophs

acquire energy and carbon from organic molecules

Saprobes

obtain food from decaying organic matter

Obligate Aerobes

require oxygen

Microaerophiles

require low levels of oxygen

Facultative Anaerobes

can grow with without oxygen

Obligate Anarobes

can't tolerate oxygen

Aerotolerant Anaerobes

tolerate but cannot use oxygen

Canophiles

require high CO2 conditions

Psychrophiles

0-20 degrees Celsius

Psychrotrophs

Grow between 15-30 degrees Celsius

Mesophiles

20-40 C, human pathogens

Thermoduric

heat resistant

Thermophiles

grow optimally at temperatures above 45°C

Neutrophils

pH 6.5-7.5

Acidophiles

pH 0-6

Alkalinophiles

pH 7.5-11.5

Enzymes

biological organic catalysts

Enzymes speed up, chemical reactions by

lowering activation energy

Apoenzyme

protein portion of an enzyme

Cofactor

nonprotein helper

Holoenzyme

Active enzyme formed by apoenzyme

Stages of Bacterial Growth

lag phase, log (exponential growth) phase, stationary phase, death phase

Lag Phase

cells adapt to the environment and prepare for grow growth

Log (exponential growth) Phase

cells reach the maximum rate of cell division.

Stationary Phase

cell growth and cell death are balanced

Death Phase

cells die exponentially

Endocytosis

cells takes material into cell membrane (engulfing)

Phagocytosis

cellular eater of larger particles

Pinocytosis

cellular drinker of oils and liquids

Passive Transport

requires NO energy, Movement of molecules from high to low concentration

Simple Diffusion

movement of a solute from an area of high concentration to an area of low concentration via phospholipid bilayer

Active Transport

energy- moves material across a cell membrane against a concentration gradient low to high

Competitive Inhibition

inhibitor competes with substrate for active site.

Allosteric Regulation

molecule binds at location other than active site, causes change in enzyme shape, can activate or deactivate enzyme

Feedback Inhibition

final product inhibits first enzyme in pathway.

Induction

increased production of enzyme when substrate or related signal is present

Enzyme activities affects

temp, pH, substrate, concentration, and inhibitors

Anabolic reactions

build larger molecules from smaller molecules and require energy

Catabolic reactions

break larger molecules into smaller molecules and releases energy

Exertions Reactions

release energy

Ribozymes

RNA molecules acting as catalysts.

Stages of Aerobic Respiration

glycolsis, pyruvate oxidation, Krebs cycle (citric acid cycle), oxidative phosphorylation, and Oxygen

Gylcolysis

produces 2 ATP and NAHD

Gylcolysis does what

glucose is split into two pyruvate molecules

Pyruvate Oxidation

produce NAHD and CO2

Pyruvate Oxidation does what

pyruvate is converted to acetyl-CoA

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

produce CO2, NADH, FADH2, and ATP

Krebs Cycle (Citric Acid Cycle)

acetyl-CoA is further broken down

Oxidative Phosphorylation

electrons pass through the electron transport chain; the proton gradient drives ATP production through chemiosmosis

Oxygen is

final electron acceptor in aerobic respiration

What does the notes in Aerobic Respiration give?

32 ATP per glucose molecule

Aerobic Respiration

uses oxygen as the final electron acceptor

Anaerobic Respiration

does not use oxygen as the final electron acceptor; another inorganic molecule is used instead

What uses an electron transport chain and generate ATP through chemiosmosis?

both Aerobic and Anaerobic respiration

Why is Fermentation different from Anaerobic and aerobic respiration?

it does not use an electron transport chain

What are the other Catabolic reactions?

fatty acids, glycerol, proteins, pentose phosphate, ans Entner-Doudorofff pathway

Fatty Acids

broken down by beta-oxidation into acetyl-CoA, which can enter the citric acid cycle

Glycerol

from fats can enter glycolysis

Proteins

broken into amino acids; amino acids can be deaminated and their remaining carbon skeletons enter metabolic pathways

The Pentose phosphate pathway and Entner-Doudoroff pathway

alternative ways to process sugars

Types of Fermentation

alcohol (ethanol) and lactic acid

Alcohol (ethanol) Fermentation

pyruvate is converted to ethanol and CO₂

Lactic Acid Fermentation

pyruvate is converted to lactic acid/lactate

Both Alcohol (ethanol) and Lactic Acid Fermentation

regenerate NAD⁺ so glycolysis can continue

Fermentation don't use

an electron transport chain

DNA

contains deoxyribose

DNA is

double-stranded

RNA

contains ribose

RNA is

single-stranded

DNA uses

thymine (T)

RNA uses

uracil (U)

DNA stores

genetic information

RNA is involved in

using genetic information to make proteins

In DNA each nucleotide

contains a sugar, phosphate group, and nitrogenous base

Adenine (A) pairs with

Thymine (T) in DNA and Uracil (U) in RNA

Guanine (G) pairs with

Cytosine (C)

Enzymes need for DNA Synthesis/Replication

helicase, single strand binding protein (ssbp), topoisomerase, primase, DNA poly 3, DNA poly 1, DNA ligase, leading strand, lagging strand,

Draw DNA Replication

to draw

Helicase

unwinds DNA strands

Single-strand binding proteins ssbp

keep the separated strands apart

Topoisomerase

reduces tension ahead of the replication fork

Primase

makes RNA primer

DNA polymerase III

adds DNA nucleotides to the new strand

DNA polymerase I

removes the RNA primer and replaces it with DNA

DNA Ligase

joins DNA fragments together

Leading Strand

synthesized continuously

lagging strand

synthesized discontinuously as Okazaki fragments.

Steps of Transcription and Translation

1. Initiation

2. Elongation

3. Termination

What does Transcription make?

RNA from DNA

initiation of transcription

RNA polymerase binds to the promoter and begins transcription

Elongation of Transcription

RNA polymerase moves along the DNA template and adds RNA nucleotides