Pain and Comfort

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Last updated 7:42 PM on 10/15/26
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16 Terms

1
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Pain

whatever the experiencing person says it is, existing whenever the experiencing person says it does

2
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Somatic pain

  • nociceptive pain process

  • originates from skin, muscles, soft tissues, etc.

  • ex. broken bone


3
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Visceral pain

  • nociceptive pain process

  • deep pain

  • ex. organs


4
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Neuropathic pain

  • damage to peripheral or sensory nervous system

  • hard to describe

  • causes: postherpetic neuralgia, phantom limb pain, diabetic neuropathy, etc.


5
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Allodynia

  • neuropathic pain

  • stimulus that doesn’t normally cause pain, causes pain


6
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Hyperalgesia

  • neuropathic pain

  • increased response to something that is normally painful (more painful for the individual)


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Hyperesthesia

  • neuropathic pain

  • increased sensitivity to any sensation

  • ex. diabetic patients — warm water feels very hot


8
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Acute pain

  • lasts < 3-6 months

  • rapid onset

  • commonly triggers autonomic response (vital sign changes)


9
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Chronic pain

  • lasting or recurring > 3-6 months

  • continuous or intermittent

  • primary — fibromyalgia, chronic primary headache, back pain (PAIN IS THE DISEASE)

  • secondary — cancer, neuropathy, osteoarthritis (RELATED TO A DIFFERENT DISEASE)

  • intractable — have received treatment, but continue to experience pain (NOT responding to treatment)


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FLACC scale

  • pain scale used for patients who can’t communicate

  • patients as young as 2 months old

  • also used in palliative care


11
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CPOT scale

  • critical pain observation tool

  • ICU setting (& ventilator)


12
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Non opioid analgesics

  • first line choice for mild to moderate/chronic pain

  • acetaminophen

  • NSAIDs


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Opioid analgesics

  • used for moderate-severe pain

  • side effects: sedation, constipation, resp. depression, hypotension, etc.

  • ex. codeine, hydrocodone, morphine, fentanyl


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Adjuvant analgesics

  • antidepressants

  • benzodiazepines

  • bisphosphonates

  • anticonvulsants

  • corticosteroids

  • local anesthetics


15
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Palliative care

  • any stage of disease

  • comfort care

  • offer higher quality of life

  • help loved ones and patient cope

  • transition between late life and end of life

  • supplement to current treatments


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Hospice care

  • prognosis of 6 months or less

  • expected not to recover

  • non-curative care

  • comfort care

  • offer higher quality of life

  • help with coping