The Skeletal System

Vocabulary flashcards covering the components, structure, classification, divisions, joints, markings, tissues, ossification, remodeling, disorders, and key facts of the human skeletal system based on the lecture transcript.

Axial Skeleton

The division of the skeletal system containing 80 bones, which includes the skull (22 bones), hyoid bone (1 bone), vertebral column (26 bones), and rib cage (25 bones).

Appendicular Skeleton

The division of the skeletal system containing 126 bones, which includes the pectoral girdle (4 bones), upper limbs (60 bones), pelvic girdle (2 bones), and lower limbs (60 bones).

Long Bones

Bones that are longer than they are wide and act as levers, such as the Femur and Humerus.

Short Bones

Cube-shaped bones that provide stability, such as Carpals and Tarsals.

Flat Bones

Thin, flat, curved bones that protect organs, such as the Skull, Sternum, and Ribs.

Irregular Bones

Bones with complex shapes and varied functions, such as Vertebrae.

Sesamoid Bones

Bones that develop within tendons to reduce friction, such as the Patella.

Fibrous Joints

Joints where bones are joined by fibrous tissue with no movement, such as skull sutures.

Cartilaginous Joints

Joints where bones are joined by cartilage with limited movement, such as intervertebral joints.

Synovial Joints

Joints containing a synovial cavity that allow free movement, such as the knee, shoulder, and hip.

Synarthrosis

An immovable joint that allows no movement.

Amphiarthrosis

A slightly movable joint that allows limited movement.

Diarthrosis

A freely movable joint that allows free movement.

Ball & Socket Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing movement in many directions, such as the shoulder and hip joints.

Hinge Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing back and forth movement, such as the elbow and knee joints.

Pivot Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing rotational movement, such as the atlas-axis joint.

Gliding Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing sliding movement, such as wrist and ankle joints.

Saddle Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing back, forth, and sideways movement, such as at the thumb base.

Condyloid Joint

A type of synovial joint allowing movement in two directions, such as the wrist joint.

Process

A projection marking on a bone, such as a spinous process.

Tubercle

A small rounded projection on a bone.

Tuberosity

A large rounded projection on a bone.

Crest

A prominent ridge on a bone.

Line

A narrow ridge on a bone.

Epicondyle

A projection marking located above a condyle on a bone.

Epiphysis

The end part of a long bone.

Diaphysis

The shaft of a long bone.

Foramen

An opening in a bone.

Fossa

A depression in a bone.

Compact Bone

The dense, hard outer layer of bone tissue that gives strength.

Spongy Bone

The inner porous layer of bone tissue that contains red marrow and is light but strong.

Intramembranous Ossification

Bone development process where bone develops directly from mesenchymal tissue, occurring in flat bones such as skull bones and the clavicle.

Endochondral Ossification

Bone development process where bone replaces a cartilage model, involving primary and secondary ossification centers.

Osteoclasts

Cells responsible for breaking down old bone tissue during bone remodeling.

Osteoblasts

Cells responsible for building new bone tissue during bone remodeling.

Osteocytes

Cells responsible for maintaining bone tissue.

Osteoporosis

A disorder characterized by a decrease in bone density, causing bones to become fragile.

Rickets

Softening of bones in children caused by a Vitamin D deficiency.

Osteomalacia

Soft bones in adults caused by a Vitamin D deficiency.

Arthritis

Inflammation of joints.

Fracture

A break in a bone.

Femur

The longest and strongest bone in the adult body.

Stapes

The smallest bone in the human body, located in the ear.

Enamel

The hardest substance in the human body.