Psych 3360 (health psychology) Exam 2 study guide- Micheal Lindsey SMU

___ is a condition that arises from an individual's obsessive dieting and exercising in the pursuit of a body weight well below optimum level?

- anorexia nervosa

____ is used to engage neuroregulators which produce temporary improvements in performance?

- nicotine

____ are used in the second stage of most treatment programs for alcoholism to address biological and environmental factors that cause alcoholism?

- cognitive-behavioral techniques

In what ways are cognitive behavior treatments used for weight management?

- By targeting both behaviors and thoughts related to eating and exercise, helping individuals develop skills for healthier eating habits and maintain long-term weight loss.

Which of the following statements is accurate about obesity?

- Often overlooked risks of obesity are psychological distress and depression

Which of the following components can produce up to a 40% treatment success rate for alcoholism?

- Instilling coping skills to manage environmental pressures

Alcohol treatment programs are more successful with?

- people from high socio-economic statuses

Evaluations of alcohol prevention programs for adolescents suggest that such programs?

- enhance participants' sense of self-efficacy

Most treatment programs for alcoholism begin with a ___, and is followed by some cognitive behavioral techniques?

- drying out period.

Fat should ideally constitute about ___ percent of body tissue in women?

- 20-27%

What surgical procedures are used to perform obesity?

- lap band surgery

What are the consequences of identifying oneself as a smoker?

- Impedes the ability to quit smoking

The occurrence of a major stressful event within the first ___ days after treatment can trigger relapse among apparently recovered alcoholics?

- 90

The protein secreted by fat cells to signal neurons in the hypothalamus about the energy stores of fat in the body is called?

- leptin

Many obese people have high levels of ____, which promotes overeating due to increased hunger?

- basil insulin

According to franklin et al 2015, problem behaviors such as obesity, smoking, and alcoholism are:

- More prevalent adolescents from low social classes than adolescents from high school classes

What tends to be the characteristic of nicotine replacement therapy?

It works to deliver low & controlled doses of nicotine into the body, reducing the harms that come from traditionally smoking tobacco (Nicotine patch steadily releases doses of nicotine into the bloodstream, increasing the chances of smoking cessation)

What type of programs are most successful who have alcohol problems?

- Cognitive behavioral techniques

___ is a common outcome of prenatal exposure to secondhand smoke?

- sudden infant death syndrome

Passive smoking or secondhand smoke is a documented health risk? T/F

- true

Social influence programs are known to reduce smoking rates for as long as ____ years?

- 4

Smoking accounts for more than ____ deaths every year in the US?

- 443k

How long have some smoking problems been effective? What is the length of time some smoking programs have been effective?

- up to 12 months

Maxwell is a smoker. He works long hours for a low pay and has a considerable amount of stress at work. He suffers from high cholesterol and blood pressure. The doctor suspects that Maxwell's problems may be related to his smoking habit. This is called the _____ effects of smoking?

- synergistic

Risky families are those that ___?

- Are high in conflict or abuse and low in warmth and nurturance

Of the four most important pathways of which stress affects health, the last one to occur is usually related to?

- health care

(Area of the brain) When events are perceived as harmful or threatening, they are first identified as?

- cerebral cortex

Hypothetical: of the hypo's, who among the following is likely to experience illness due to stress from work?

- Susie, a single mother of a 5-year-old boy, works long hours in a low-paying position.

Of the four most important pathways of which stress affects health, the first to occur is usually related to?

- Physiology

Studies of vulnerable populations, children, older adults, exposed to a chronic stressor indicate they ___?

- Exhibit little adaptation to chronic stressors

The process of secondary appraisal involves the evaluation of one's __?

- personal resources

Selye's studies of the general adaptation syndrome investigates ___ response to stress:

- adrenocortical

General adaptive syndrome (GAS) concept:

- the body's three stage response to states of prolonged or intense stress.

The rapid release of oxytocin in response to some stressful events, and its effects are especially influenced by?

- estrogen

The __ response to stress is especially characteristic of females, related to the release of the stress, hormone, oxytocin, and may be necessary in the protection of offspring?

- tend-and-befriend

The GAS specific concept and component?

- Describes the body's physiological response to prolonged or intense stress, comprising 3 phases: alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Activation of the HPA axis results in the secretion of?

- cortisol

What is the correct order/sequence of the GAS?

- Alarm, resistance, and exhaustion

Research investigating the effects of women in multiple roles include?

- Combining motherhood with employment can help improve self-esteem

Hypothetical: what's being asked in the four situations, which one would be described as the least stressful?

- Karl, a file clerk has been working intensively for 3 weeks in a new job responsibility

Holmes and Rage: what is the instrument?

- The social readjustment rating scale. Was completed based on the main scores of the participants' answers.

Which of the following is a valid criticism of Holmes and rahe's stressful life events inventory?

- It fails to consider individual differences in the experience and reporting of events

Animals with high levels of ___ are calmer and more relaxed, which may contribute to their social and nurturing behavior?

- oxytocin

What's the correct order of the pathways by which stress affects health?

- Physiology, health, behaviors, psychosocial resources, and use of health services.

The relationship between scores on the stressful life events and illness is _____?

- modest

What was the outcome of the research of Holmes and Rahe?

- Stress can be measured objectively as an LCU score. Stress can lead to illness. LCU scores can predict the chances of becoming ill, physically and/or mentally.

primary vs. secondary appraisal

Primary: Occurs when a person is trying to understand what the event is and what it will mean (stressful events appraised for their harm, threat, or challenge)

Secondary: Involves the evaluation of one’s personal resources & whether they’re sufficient to meet the demands of the environment

what is the basic physiology of the fight or flight response?

When an organism perceives a threat, the body is rapidly aroused & motivated via SNS (sympathetic nervous system) & endocrine system

what is the definition of allostatic load?

Refers to the physiological costs of chronic exposure to the physiological changes that result from repeated or chronic stress

how does the text describe stress?

A negative emotional experience accompanied by predictable biochemical, physiological, cognitive, and behavioral changes that are directed toward either altering the stressful event or accommodating its effects

what is placebo drinking?

Namely refers to consuming nonalcoholic beverages or alternating an alcoholic bev w/ a nonalcoholic one

Distinguish leptin and ghrelin 

• Leptin: The protein secreted by fat cells to signal neurons in the hypothalamus about the energy stores of fat in the body 

• Ghrelin: Activates hunger cues in the body; secreted by specialized cells in the stomach (spiking before meals & dropping after

__ activates hunger cues in the body; secreted by specialized cells in the stomach while __ is the protein secreted by fat cells to signal neurons in the hypothalamus about the energy stores of fat in the body

ghrelin, leptin

Research suggests that problem behaviors such as smoking, obesity and alcoholism are?

more common in lower classes

Which characteristic do many health compromising behaviors share?

there is a window of vulnerability in adolescence for people to get into them

what is yo-yo dieting & what does it do?

Successive cycles of dieting and weight gain (enhance efficiency of food use and lower metabolic rate)

What medical/surgical procedures are available for obesity? (5)

• Dieting

• CBT

• Screening

• Stomach stapling

• Lap band surgery

what effects did cbt have when used with relation to obesity?

help produce weight loss of 2 lbs a week for up to 20 weeks over a 2 year period (focus on monitoring eating behavior, modifying environmental stimuli contributing to eating, etc)

Phases for treatment for hardcore alcoholics: phase 1, 2 and 3. 

1. Detoxification

2. Therapy

3. Continued treatment on outpatient basis

nictotine alters levels of neuroregulators including: (5)

acetylcholine, dopamine, endogenous opioids, norepinephrine, & vasopressin

how do late-onset and long-term drinkers differ?

late-onset drinkers are more likely to personally control their alcohol use, or be treated for alcoholism than long-term drinkers

what do the following neuroregulators do? (know for relation to smoking)

1. acetylcholine

2. dopamine

3. endogenous opioids

4. norepinephrine

5. vasopressin

1. acetylcholine - messenger; helps transmit signals from nerve cells to other cells

2. dopamine - helps regulate movement, motivation, pleasure, & emotional responses

3. endogenous opioids - produced in the CNS & PNS, regulate pain, stress, & homeostasis

4. norepinephrine - helps prepare the body for action (fight or flight response)

5. vasopressin - regulates water balance & blood pressure

what is a temporary effect of consuming alcohol?

reduced anxiety

a meta-analysis of alcohol treatment outcome studies estimates that more than __ percent of treated patients relapse within the first _ months after treatment

50, 3