Upper Extremity

What are the four joints associated with the shoulder complex?

Sternoclavicular joint, acromioclavicular joint, glenohumeral joint, and scapulothoracic joint.

Which joint connects the clavicle to the sternum?

Sternoclavicular joint.

Which joint connects the clavicle to the acromion process of the scapula?

Acromioclavicular joint.

Which joint is formed by the humeral head and the glenoid fossa?

Glenohumeral joint.

What is the function of the glenoid labrum?

It deepens the shoulder socket and improves stability.

What structure forms the roof over the humeral head?

Coracoacromial ligament.

What are the six movements of the scapula?

Elevation, depression, protraction, retraction, upward rotation, and downward rotation.

Which muscle is responsible for scapular protraction?

Serratus anterior.

Which muscle helps prevent winging of the scapula?

Serratus anterior.

Which muscles retract the scapula?

Rhomboids and middle trapezius.

Which muscle elevates the scapula?

Levator scapulae.

What is the primary function of the deltoid muscle?

Shoulder abduction.

Which muscle initiates shoulder abduction?

Supraspinatus.

Which muscles perform shoulder external rotation?

Infraspinatus and teres minor.

Which muscle performs shoulder internal rotation?

Subscapularis.

Which muscles are known as the rotator cuff muscles?

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

Which muscles perform shoulder flexion?

Deltoid, biceps brachii, and coracobrachialis.

Which muscles perform shoulder extension?

Deltoid, triceps brachii, latissimus dorsi, and teres major.

Which muscles perform shoulder adduction?

Pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, teres major, and coracobrachialis.

What is the main function of the coracoclavicular ligaments?

Stabilization of the acromioclavicular joint.

What movements occur at the elbow?

Flexion and extension.

What movements occur at the forearm?

Pronation and supination.

What joint is formed by the trochlea of the humerus and the ulna?

Humeroulnar joint.

What joint is formed by the capitulum of the humerus and the radius?

Radiohumeral joint.

Which joints allow pronation and supination?

Proximal and distal radioulnar joints.

What is pronation?

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces downward.

What is supination?

Rotation of the forearm so the palm faces upward.

Which ligament resists valgus stress at the elbow?

Ulnar collateral ligament.

Which ligament resists varus stress at the elbow?

Radial collateral ligament.

What is the function of the annular ligament?

It holds the radial head against the ulna during pronation and supination.

What structure connects the radius and ulna along their length?

Interosseous membrane.

Which nerve passes through the cubital tunnel?

Ulnar nerve.

Which artery is found in the cubital fossa?

Brachial artery.

Which nerve travels through the cubital fossa?

Median nerve.

What are the primary elbow flexors?

Biceps brachii, brachialis, and brachioradialis.

What is the strongest pure elbow flexor?

Brachialis.

Which muscle is strongest for elbow flexion when the forearm is in a neutral position?

Brachioradialis.

What are the primary elbow extensors?

Triceps brachii and anconeus.

Which muscles perform forearm supination?

Biceps brachii and supinator.

Which muscles perform forearm pronation?

Pronator teres and pronator quadratus.

Where does the biceps brachii insert?

Radial tuberosity.

What does palmar refer to?

The palm side of the hand.

What does dorsal refer to?

The back side of the hand.

What is the primary wrist joint?

Radiocarpal joint.

What movement decreases the angle of the wrist?

Wrist flexion.

What movement increases the angle of the wrist?

Wrist extension.

What is radial deviation?

Movement of the wrist toward the thumb side.

What is ulnar deviation?

Movement of the wrist toward the little finger side.

Which ligament limits wrist extension?

Palmar radiocarpal ligaments.

Which ligament limits wrist flexion?

Dorsal radiocarpal ligaments.

Which ligament limits radial deviation?

Ulnar collateral ligament.

Which ligament limits ulnar deviation?

Radial collateral ligament.

What is the function of the triangular fibrocartilage complex?

Shock absorption and stabilization of the distal radioulnar joint.

What structure forms the roof of the carpal tunnel?

Transverse carpal ligament.

What forms the floor of the carpal tunnel?

Carpal bones.

Which nerve passes through the carpal tunnel?

Median nerve.

What structure prevents hyperextension of the finger joints?

Volar plate.

Which muscle flexes the wrist and moves it toward the thumb side?

Flexor carpi radialis.

Which muscle flexes the wrist and moves it toward the little finger side?

Flexor carpi ulnaris.

Which muscle primarily flexes the wrist?

Palmaris longus.

Which muscles flex fingers two through five?

Flexor digitorum superficialis and flexor digitorum profundus.

Which muscle flexes the thumb?

Flexor pollicis longus.

Which muscles extend the wrist and move it toward the thumb side?

Extensor carpi radialis longus and extensor carpi radialis brevis.

Which muscle extends the wrist and moves it toward the little finger side?

Extensor carpi ulnaris.

Which muscle extends fingers two through five?

Extensor digitorum.

Which muscles extend the thumb?

Extensor pollicis longus and extensor pollicis brevis.

Which muscle abducts the thumb?

Abductor pollicis longus.

Name the four rotator cuff muscles.

Supraspinatus, infraspinatus, teres minor, and subscapularis.

Which rotator cuff muscle abducts the shoulder?

Supraspinatus.

Which rotator cuff muscles externally rotate the shoulder?

Infraspinatus and teres minor.

Which rotator cuff muscle internally rotates the shoulder?

Subscapularis.

Which nerve is associated with carpal tunnel syndrome?

Median nerve.

Which nerve is associated with cubital tunnel syndrome?

Ulnar nerve.

Which ligament is commonly injured in throwing athletes?

Ulnar collateral ligament.

Which muscle prevents scapular winging?

Serratus anterior.

What are the three major actions of the biceps brachii?

Shoulder flexion, elbow flexion, and forearm supination.

What are the primary actions of the triceps brachii?

Elbow extension and shoulder extension.

What structure stabilizes the distal radioulnar joint?

Triangular fibrocartilage complex.

What is the strongest elbow flexor?

Brachialis.

What structure connects the radius and ulna and helps transfer forces between them?

Interosseous membrane.