Latin Clauses, Constructions, and Cases v2

Dat Indirect object

Identifies the recipient of giving, telling, showing, or a similar action

Dat of Possession

Sum + dative possessor + nominative thing possessed

Dat of Purpose

Usually an abstract noun identifying what something serves as

Double dative

Dative of purpose plus dative of the person affected

Dat Agent with gerundive

Gerundive + sum; dative identifies who has the obligation

Accusative Direct object

Receives the action of a transitive verb

Acc Motion toward

Often ad or in + accusative; certain place names take no preposition

Acc of Duration or extent

Answers “for how long?” or “how far?”

Subject of an infinitive

Accusative + infinitive after a verb of saying, thinking, knowing, or perceiving

Place where

Usually in + ablative; answers “where?”

Place from which

a/ab, e/ex, or de + ablative; movement away

Abl of Agent

a/ab + ablative with a passive verb; identifies the person performing the action

Abl of Accompaniment

cum + ablative; answers “with whom?”

Abl of Means or instrument

Usually no preposition; identifies what is used to perform an action

Abl of Manner

Describes how an action is performed; often cum + an abstract noun

Abl of Cause

Identifies the reason for an action or feeling

Abl of Separation

Used with a word meaning remove, free, lack, or depart

Abl Time when

time expression answering “when?”

Abl Time within which

Time expression answering “within how long?”

Abl of Comparison

Follows a comparative; means “than”

Abl Degree of difference

Word such as multo or paulo used with a comparative

Abl Description

Noun and modifying adjective together describe a quality

Required ablative

Governed by a particular word, such as utor, fruor, or dignus

Locative

Location; Certain city names, small islands, and a few other nouns; answers “where?”

Purpose clause

ut or negative ne + subjunctive; answers “for what purpose?”

Result clause

Often a degree word such as tam, tantus, or ita, followed by ut or negative ut non + subjunctive

Indirect command

Verb of asking, urging, ordering, or persuading + ut/ne + subjunctive

Indirect question

Question word after a verb of asking, knowing, or wondering + subjunctive

Fear clause

Verb of fearing + ne (“that”) or ut (“that … not”) + subjunctive

Condition clause

si or nisi; verb mood and tense indicate the type of condition

Relative clause

qui, quae, quod referring to an antecedent; usually indicative

Relative purpose, result, or characteristic clause

Relative pronoun + subjunctive; meaning and context distinguish the use

Temporal cum clause

cum, ubi, postquam, dum, antequam, or another time word

Causal cum clause

quod, quia, quoniam, or cum expressing a reason

Concessive cum clause

quamquam, etsi, tametsi, quamvis, or cum expressing “although”

Proviso clause

dum, dummodo, or modo meaning “provided that,” usually with subjunctive

Indirect statement

Verb of saying, thinking, knowing, or perceiving + accusative subject + infinitive

Ablative absolute

Ablative noun or pronoun plus agreeing participle, grammatically separate from the main clause

Participial phrase

Participle agreeing with a noun in case, number, and gender

Gerund

Verbal noun with forms in -ndi, -ndo, or -ndum; does not agree with a noun

Gerundive

Verbal adjective in -ndus, -nda, -ndum agreeing with a noun

Gerundive of obligation

Gerundive + sum; often accompanied by a dative of agent

Future active periphrastic

Future active participle in -urus, -ura, -urum + sum

Comparison

Comparative adjective or adverb + quam or an ablative

Indirect reflexive

se or suus within reported speech referring back to the reported speaker