PNP301 Pathophysiology I - Test 4 Vocabulary Flashcards

A comprehensive set of vocabulary flashcards covering Diabetes Mellitus, Respiratory, Neurology, Cardiovascular, and Endocrine pathophysiology for PNP301 Test 4.

Polyuria

Excessive urination, a clinical manifestation of Diabetes Mellitus caused by osmotic diuresis.

Polydipsia

Excessive thirst, commonly seen in patients with Diabetes Mellitus.

Polyphagia

Excessive hunger or increased appetite, typically associated with the cellular starvation seen in Diabetes Mellitus.

HbA1c

A laboratory test that reflects the average blood glucose levels over approximately a $3$-month period.

Diabetic Ketoacidosis (DKA)

A life-threatening condition involving insulin deficiency, lipolysis, ketone production, metabolic acidosis, Kussmaul respirations, fruity breath, and dehydration.

Kussmaul respirations

Deep, rapid breathing patterns that occur as a compensatory mechanism for metabolic acidosis in DKA.

Microvascular complications

Damage to small blood vessels resulting in retinopathy, nephropathy, and neuropathy due to chronic hyperglycemia.

Macrovascular complications

Damage to large blood vessels leading to Coronary Artery Disease (CAD), stroke, and Peripheral Artery Disease (PAD).

Asthma

A respiratory condition characterized by inflammation, bronchoconstriction, excess mucus, histamine release, and airway remodeling.

COPD Oxygen Target

The specific clinical oxygen saturation range for patients with Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease, which is $88\text{-}92\%$.

Emphysema

A component of COPD involving permanent enlargement of air spaces, air trapping, and the clinical sign of a barrel chest.

Pneumonia Consolidation

The solidification of lung tissue with fluid and debris, which results in crackles and hypoxemia.

Atelectasis

The collapse of lung tissue, which can be categorized as obstructive, compression, adhesive, or cicatricial.

Pulmonary edema

Accumulation of fluid in the lungs often manifested by orthopnea, crackles, and pink frothy sputum.

Empyema

A pleural disorder characterized by the presence of pus in the pleural space.

Chylothorax

A pleural disorder involving the accumulation of lymphatic fluid in the pleural space.

ARDS (Acute Respiratory Distress Syndrome)

A condition involving severe alveolar damage, increased permeability, pulmonary edema, and microthrombi, often associated with COVID-19.

Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS)

A clinical scoring system used to assess the level of consciousness following a traumatic brain injury.

ST-Elevation Myocardial Infarction (STEMI)

A type of Acute Coronary Syndrome characterized by complete arterial occlusion resulting in ST elevation on an ECG.

Lactate

A biochemical marker used in clinical settings to identify tissue hypoperfusion, particularly in shock states.

Buerger disease

Also known as Thromboangiitis obliterans; a condition characterized by ischemia and gangrene, strongly linked to smoking.

Addison disease

An endocrine disorder that can cause hyperkalemia and requires adrenal hormone replacement.

Multiple Sclerosis (MS)

A neurological disorder involving the immune system attacking the myelin sheath, leading to progressive neurological deficits.

Parkinson disease

A neurodegenerative disorder characterized by motor symptoms such as rigidity.

Thromboangiitis obliterans

The clinical name for Buerger disease, involving inflammation and thrombosis in small and medium-sized arteries and veins.