2nd Midterm- History

Oracle bones

Oracle Bones were used by religious leader from the Shang dynasty in China during the Bronze Age. They wrote on the bones and then used heat to create cracks in them. Those cracks were translated as answers from ancestors and spirits. Questions could involve any important issues such as ruler, war, or other decisions. Oracle bones were important because they show the connection between religion and government. Also, they are the earliest evidence of Chinese writing.

Mandate of heaven

The Mandate of Heaven was a Chinese belief that heaven gave the power to the ruler to govern. It was associated with the Zhou dynasty in China during the Bronze Age. It was important because it explained the “Why"?” a ruler could lose power if people believed the ruler governed badly.

The Warring States

The Warring States were rival states in china during the Classical/iron Age that fought each other for control of the chinese territory. The conflict happened because different states wanted more land and political power, and the Zhou dynasty’s authority became weaker. During that period, warfare became more intense as states competed to became stronger. This was historically important because the conflicts eventually allow Qin state to defeat its rivals and unify china, creating a centralize empire

The Quin Emperor

The Qin emperor was the ruler who unified china during the Classical/Iron Age. He made the government stronger and made rules and systems more alike throughout the empire. He was important because he brought china together under one rule, although his harsh rules caused anger among the people

The Han Dynasty

The Han dynasty was a major ruling dynasty in china during the Classical/Iron Age. Its rulers made the imperial government stronger, and Han Wudi supported Confucian learning and expanded connections with lands to the west. The Han dynasty was important because it helped develop chinese government and encouraged wider cultural and trade

Ban Zhao’s Lesson

Ban Zhao was a female scholar in Han China during the Classical Era who wrote lessons for women. The text gave advice about how women should behave and their role in families, reflecting Confucian belief. it is historically important because it show what people expected from women in traditional Chinese society.

Indus River, Monsoons, and Harappan water use

The Harappan civilization developed near the Indus River in ancient India during the Bronze Age. The river and seasonal monsoon helped people grow crops. Harappan cities had wells, baths, and drainage systems to manage water. This was important because it shows how people adapted to their environment and developed advanced city planning.