unit4

Election of 1800

First peaceful transfer of power from Federalists to Democratic Republicans (First Party System)

John Marshall’s SCOTUS

Increased power of the federal gov’t

Marbury vs Madison (1803)

Est. power of judicial review, declaring laws unconstitutional

McCulloch vs Maryland

Elastic clause utilized to justify national bank

Gibbons vs Ogden

Only the federal gov’t could regulate interstate commerce

The Louisiana Purchase

Jefferson sent Monroe to buy it from France, spent 15 million dollars and doubled the size of the US, however, Jefferson was afraid it may have been unconstitutional to buy land for the US

Lewis and Clark

Jefferson sent an expedition to explore the Louisiana Purchase to find a route to the Pacific Ocean, traveled from Missouri to the Rocky Mountains and to the pacific ocean

Treaty of Ft Wayne (1809)

Transferred 3 million acres of Native American land (Indiana, Illinois, Michigan, Ohio…) to the US gov’t, led to Tecumseh’s War

Tecumseh’s War (1810-1813)

William Henry Harrison defeats Tecumseh at Battle of Tippecanoe (1811), and Tecumseh is killed during the War of 1812

Barbary Wars

Jefferson refused to pay an annual tribute to the pirates of North Africa, and Barbary pirates robbed/ransomed American merchant ships.

Embargo Act of 1807

Jefferson bans all foreign trade

Nonintercourse Act of 1809

Madison bans trade with Britain and France only

War of 1812

Caused by British interference with American ships, Impressment of American sailors, and helping Natives during Tecumseh’s War

Neither sides win and the Treaty of Ghent changes nothing & ends the war. Also the death of the Federalist party from the Hartford Convention

Rush-Bagot Treaty

Demilitiarized the Great Lakes after War of 1812

Convention of 1818

Border with Canada, jointly occupies Oregon w/ Britain

Adams-Onis Treaty

Spain cedes Florida to the US, setting new borders.

Monroe Doctrine

Declared and claimed the Americas as the US’ domain and that the US could only police it, european colonization would be an act of war and the US dominance came out of it long-term

American System

Henry Clay’s Plan, wanting to develop and unify the US economy via tariffs & internal infrastructure upgrades

Tariffs would protect American industry and raise money for said internal improvements, and trade networks would grow.

Erie Canal

Trade and settlement boom in the Great Lakes and NY

Sectionalism

American system opposed by the South/West, tariffs raised prices and increased selfishness/conflicts, long-term sectionalist issue is Slavery

Missouri Compromise

Missouri wanted to enter as a slave state and North opposed this, believing it’d give states more power and Henry Clay creates the solution of Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, slavery was banned beyond north of Missouri’s southern border

Market Revolution

Linking of Northern industries with the West/Southern farms created by the advancements in agriculture/industry, consumerism increase and shift to capitalism

Industrial Revolution

Increase in use of machines for manufacturing, spurred by the patent law and started in Great Britain.

Water Frame

Machine that spun yarn to threads via water power

Flying Shuttle

Machine that would swiftly weave thread into whole cloth

Interchangeable Parts

Created by Eli Whitney, where all products would be identical and easily replaceable, enabling mass production and allowing for more efficiency

Cotton Gin

Machine that automated the removal of seeds in Cotton

McCormick’s Reaper

Machine that improved harvesting speed heavily

Steamboats and Steam-powered Railroads

Improvement of transportation using steam-power/engines

Telegraph

Invented by Samuel Morse, allowed for communication throughout vast distances

Cumberland Road

First paved highway that increased trade, created from Clay’s American System

Nativism

The opposing of immigrants based off bigotry and believing that they were better than said immigrants.

Cult of Domesticity

Women’s identity and purpose was to provide her husband a clean house and take care of her children

Pink Collar Jobs & Gender Roles in Industry

Nurses and Teachers, unfair treatment of women in industries (less pay, controlling environments, lack of benefits)

Election of 1824/Corrupt Bargain

Jackson ran for president in 1824 vs. John Q. Adams, and ended the Era of Good Feelings, however, the election was decided by the House of Representatives led by Henry Clay and Clay chose Adams as president whilst Adams chose Clay as Secretary of State

Era of Good Feelings

Democratic Republicans were the only party in office

Election of 1828

Rematch between Jackson and Adams, led to the Second Party System (Splitting into Democratic vs Republican party), voting rights expanded to all white men with no property, and Jackson won, being seen as a common man

Spoils System

Jackson fired a lot of government officials and replaced them with his supporters, which was considered him giving a reward to supporters, opposers said this was corrupt whilst supporters loved it. Also had an informal cabinet called the Kitchen Cabinet, trusting friends over actual political figures

Nullification Crisis

Passing of the Tariff on 1828 in Congress, wanting to protect Northern manufacturing from competition, Southerners hated it and Calhoun believed the 10th Amendment said states could nullify such laws that they saw unconstitutional, Jackson disagreed.

South Carolina’s Nullification Act

Declared the Tariff of 1828 as unenforceable in South Carolina, however, Congress passed the Force bill (letting troops be used to enfore), and eventually Congress compromised and lowered the tariff after Jackson threatened Calhoun

Jackson vs Second National Bank

Jackson hated it, although, Congress had stabilized the economy after War of 1812 via the Second National Bank, and Jackson thought it gave too much power to the federal gov’t, leading him to veto the reauthorization of the bank

Panic of 1837

An economic depression after Jackson’s vetoing of the Second National Bank’s reauthorization

Indian Removal Act

Jackson authorized the relocating of Native Americans into the Indian Territory (modern-day Oklahoma/east of Mississippi River), all because gold was discovered in Native territories and gradually forced them to move out

Worcester vs. Georgia

Cherokees sued the state of Georgia and that Georgia had no authority over them, and the Supreme Court agreed, however, Georgia and Jackson continued to pass laws that applied to the Cherokee, eventually forcing them out onto the Trail of Tears

Trail of Tears

Forced relocating of Native American tribes in Southeastern US, kicked out 60,000 Native Americans and ~13500 died on this relocation.

Romanticism

An emphasis on emotions, imagination, beauty, and subjectivity, believing in the perfectibility of humans, bringing Greek Revival and fancier celebrations of democracy in Architecture

Patriotism

Surge in nationalism/patriotism after War of 1812, depicting it as an important setting in American art/literature

Hudson River School

Artistic style focused on beauty of American Nature, popular artists were Thomas Cole and Asher Brown Durand

American Mythology Authors

James Fenimore Cooper — Last of the Mohicans, Washington Irving —> Legend of Sleepy Hollow, Rip Van Winkle, Edgar Allan Poe —> The Tell-Tale Heart

Transcendentalism

Philosophical movement rooting from Romanticism, believing in the power/beauty of natures, as well as human perfectibility, focusing on individual’s intuition/self-reliance

Famous Transcendentalists

Ralph Waldo Emerson — Emphasized individualism & critical thinking, Henry David Thoreau — wrote Walden, and talked about living simply in a cabin, also wrote Civil Disobedience, talking about breaking laws that were unjust.

Second Greater Awakening

Protestant religious revivals, emphasizing morality to save the souls of someone/society, similar to first great awakening in terms of meetings and preachers, caused by the Market Revolution’s greed, inequality, and materialistic views.

Continued Resistance of Slavery

Naming conventions to preserve culture (slave name vs. African name), preservation of Caribbean/West-African language, folktale/music/dance, secret marriage, and work slowdown/sabotages

Changes in Resistance of Slavery

Underground railroad and run-away slaves, Harriet Tubman ultimately led hundreds of slaves to freedom and being the first woman to lead a US military operation in the civil war

Political/Communal Efforts for Free Black People

African Methodist Episcopal Church (AME) in Philadelphia founded by Richard Allen, being apart of the rise of the Black church congregations, adopting African musical traditions and protesting slavery/discrimination and supporting the abolition Liberty Party in 1840s

Nat Turner’s Rebellion (1831)

In Virginia, inspired by God, led slaves to revolt and kill slave owners/liberate nearby slaves, ultimately resulted in 50-60 white people dead and then Turner was hanged/dissected/skinned, and lynch mobs killed ~120 slaves in response

Mutiny of the Spanish Slave Ship Amistad

Slaves had a fear of being eaten by Spanish sailors and killed the cook, they were defended by John Quincy Adams and acquitted by the SCOTUS

Harsher Slave Codes

A result from slave rebellions, in which white slaveholding class in the South were terrified of more slave rebellions. Banned freeing of slaves/abolitionist literature, education of slaves, slave marriage, and required religious services to be monitored

Cotton Ports

New Orleans and Charleston were major southern cotton ports

Southern Social Hierarchy

(Top to Bottom) Hyper-wealthy slaveholders dominating life, Yeomen Farmers with no slaves but small cotton farms, Poor whites with no cash crops/slaves, Free Black People that were discriminated against, Slaves were considered property

Necessary Evil = Positive Good

Slaveholders united Southerners of all classes via white supremacy, seeing slavery as a positive good thing for society rather than an evil

Ex. John C. Calhoun’s “Slavery as a Positive Good” which was based on white supremacy and claimed that slaveholders were paternalistic to slaves and that slaves were incapable of autonomy

Perpetual Expansion of Slavery

Desire for profit → Expansion of Plantations → Depletion of Soil’s Nutrients → Decreased profit → Desire to expand westward → More profit

Cycle repeats

Mormonism

Founded by Joseph Smith who believed he was visited by an angel, became a large sector of Christianity. Belief in restorationism/millennialism/mysticism and polygamy

Millerism/Adventists

Created by William Miller, belief that Jesus would appear on Earth at a set date, however this date continued to be moved.

Utopianism

An idea of socialism that rejected capitalism heavily, believing that a perfect society could be a result, wanting to change moral/economic relationships

Shakers

An Utopian group that held the belief of Jesus turning into a woman and held strongly against sexual intercourse

Seneca Falls Convention

First ever discussion/meeting of the topic of women’s rights in the US

Antebellum Women’s Movement and their Leaders

Advocating for the right of voting/equal representation between men and women, leading to creation of 19th amendment and more equality

Elizabeth Cady Stanton, Lucretia Mott, Susan B. Anthony

Temperance Movement

Prohibition/Limitation of Alcohol, believing it led to family violence and was abused, creating the 18th amendment

Lyman Beecher and Neal Dow were leaders of this movement

Education Movement

Advocating of public education across the US and led to the creation of public schools in the US and laws to punish parents that didn’t adhere to mandatory school attendance

Horace Man and Thomas Gallaudet

Prison Movement

Advocating of jail cells to be improved and development of mental health institutions, led to funds granted for institutions and was led by Dorothea Dix

Abolition Movement

Advocating of the banning of slavery, believing in gradualism and colonization (the gradual removal of slavery/sending slaves back to Africa to let them settle once more) Led to the end of slavery and 13th amendment

Grimke Sisters (Sarah and Angelina)

Advocated for both women’s rights and abolishing of slavery via writings/lectures

Harriet Beecher Stowe

Author of Uncle Tom’s Cabin, advocating heavily against slavery and spreading anti-slavery rapidly

Frederick Douglas

An abolitionist who published books/newspapers (Narrative of the Life Of Frederick Douglas, North Star Newspaper) spreading antislavery

David Walker

Wrote the newspaper ‘Freedom’s Journal’ and the ‘Appeal in Four Articles; Together with a Preamble, to the Coloured Citizens of the World, but in Particular and Very Expressly to Those of the United States of America’’ went against slavery heavily

Sojourner Truth

Former enslaved women who spoke loudly against slavery and women’s rights, many written works