NAVLE poisonous plants (ruminant focusesd)

Toxic effects of Sorgum

Cyanide absorbed by GI tract and inhibits mitochondrial cytochrom oxidase → cellular hypoxia

CS: Acute death, excitement, tremors, dyspnes, salivation

Tx: sodium nitrit and sodium thiosulfate

ALSO accumulates nitrates → methemoglobinemia

CS: muddy MMs, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia

Tx: methylene blue

Toxic effects of choke cherry

Cyanide absorbed by GI tract and inhibits mitochondrial cytochrom oxidase → cellular hypoxia

CS: Acute death, excitement, tremors, dyspnea, salivation, bright red MMs and blood

Tx: sodium nitrite and sodium thiosulfate

Toxic effets of vetch

Cyanide absorbed by GI tract and inhibits mitochondrial cytochrom oxidase → cellular hypoxia

CS: Acute death, excitement, tremors, dyspnes, salivation

Tx: sodium nitrit and sodium thiosulfate

What toxin causes bright red MMs?

Cyanide - choke cherry, vetch, sorghum

Toxic effects of pigweed (Amaranthus)

Accumulates nitrates → methemoglobinemia

CS: muddy MMs, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia

Tx: methylene blue

Toxic effects of nightshades (Solanum)

Accumulates nitrates → methemoglobinemia

CS: muddy MMs, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia

Tx: methylene blue

Also can contain glycoalkaloid (a GI irritant) and aglycone (a neurotoxn)

CS: anorexia, nausea, abdominal pain, vomiting, diarrhea, paresis, prostration, unconsciousness

Toxic effects of oat hay

Accumulates nitrates → methemoglobinemia

CS: muddy MMs, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia

Tx: methylene blue

Toxic effects of rye and alfalfa

Accumulates nitrates → methemoglobinemia

CS: muddy MMs, dyspnea, tremors, ataxia, tachycardia

Tx: methylene blue

Toxic effects of oleander (Nerium oleander)

Contains cardiac glycosides

CS: salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematochezia, weakness, bradycardia, collapse, death

Tx: emesis, charcoal, IVFT, oxygen, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, quinidine for AV block

Toxic effects of foxglove (digitalis purpura)

Contains cardiac glycosides

CS: salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematochezia, weakness, bradycardia, collapse, death

Tx: emesis, charcoal, IVFT, oxygen, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, quinidine for AV block

Lily of the valley

Contains cardiac glycosides

CS: salivation, nausea, vomiting, hematochezia, weakness, bradycardia, collapse, death

Tx: emesis, charcoal, IVFT, oxygen, atropine for severe bradycardia, isoproterenol, quinidine for AV block

Yew (Taxus sp)

Containes taxine alkaloids A+B which inhibit cardiac depolarization

Causes sudden death with yew leaves found in stomach

Azalea (rhododendron)

Contains adromedotoxins which bind sodium channes → excitement and movement of calcium intracellularly

CS: weak, unable to stand, bloat, abdominal pain, vomit

St John’s Wort (Hypericum perforatum)

Primary photosensitization

Blue-green algae (microcystis sp)

Secondary photosensitization and liver damage

Rhymes with grape (Brassica sp)

Secondary phtosensitization and liver damage

Groundsel (senecio sp)

Secondary phtosensitization and liver damage

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid → megalocytes in liver due to anti-mitotic effect (with chronic ingestion)

Crotalaria sp

Secondary phtosensitization and liver damage

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid → megalocytes in liver due to anti-mitotic effect (with chronic ingestion)

Amsinckia intermedia

Secondary phtosensitization and liver damage

Lupine

Mostly affects sheep

Neurotoxin

Quinolizidine alkaloid

CS: salivation, incoordination, head pressing, tremors, aimless wandering

Teratogenic in cattle → crooked calf syndrome and cleft palate

Poison hemlock (conium maculatum)

Contains conin and pyridine-type alkaloids

Neurotoxin

CS: salivation, vomiting, diarrhea, tremors, weakness, death from respiratory failure

Larkspur (Delphinium)

Contains polycyclic diterpene alkaloids

A neuromuscular blocker, cholinergic and nicotinic antagonist

CS: bloat, excitatory tremors, stiffness, paresis, seizures, arrhythmias, death from respiratory paralysis

Tx: physostigmine may reverese, relieve bloat, decontaminate, supportive care

Bracken fern (pteridium aquilinum)

Contains thiaminase which cleaves vitamin B1 → thiamine deficiency → polioencephalomalacia (all animals)

Also contains ptaquiloside which alkalates DNA → carcinogenicity and bone marrow suppression (just ruminants)

CS: incoordination, standing with leg apart, depression, muscle temors, blindness

CS just in ruminants: bone marrow destruction, hemorrhage, anemia, tumors

Tx: injectable thiamine

Heliotropium sp

Secondary phtosensitization and liver damage

Pyrrolizidine alkaloid → megalocytes in liver due to anti-mitotic effect (with chronic ingestion)

Castor bean (Ricinus communis)

Contains toxic glycoprotein

CS: anorexia, vomiting, diarrhea, weakness, thirst, spasms, uremia, death

Cottonseed (Gossypium)

Contains gossypol which is cardiotoxic (esp to young animals)

CS: sudden death, anorexia, red urine, poor performance

Dumbocane (dieffenbachia)

Irritation of MMs, ptayalism, swelling onf tongue and lips, difficulty swallowing or breathing

Locoweed (Astragalus and Oxytropis)

Ataxia, hypermetria, proprioceptive deficits, emaciation, abortion, teratogenesis

Water hemlock (Cicuta sp)

Contains cicutoxin

Acute violent tetanic seizures, rapid progression from salivation to muscle twitching, seizures, coma, death

Perilla mint

Contains perilla ketone which causes pulmonary edema and pleural effusion

CS: resp distress, nasal discharge

Western False Hellebore (veratrum californium)

Contains teratogenic compounds

Mainly affects sheep and depends on gestation stage

Day 14: cyclops

Days 17-18: hind limb motor nerve paralysis

Days 12-30: craniofacial deformities

Days 30-36: shortened legs

White snakeroot (Eupatorium rogasum)

Affects horses and cattle

Contains the ketone trematone which is passed to young in milk

CS: weakness, depression

Horses get myocardial necrosis and CHF

Cows get ataxia, depression, muscle tremors, acetone breath

Ponderosa pine

Abortion with weak contractions, excessive discharge, small calf, RFM

Horsebrush (Tetradymia glabrata)

Affects sheep

Causes photosensitization, bighead (edema), loss of hair and wool, skin ulcerations, blindness

Hepatic and renal degeneration can occur

Abortions may occur

Skunk cabbage, false hellebore (Veratrum spp)

Affects sheep and cattle

Steroidal alkaloid

Vomiting, salivation, arrhythmias, bradycardia, dyspnea, muscle weakness, paralysis, coma

Congenital cyclops in lambs

Cocklebur (Xanthium spp)

All animals

Carboxyatractyloside in seeds and seedlings

Anorexia, listlessness, nausea, vomiting, weakness, rapid weak pulse, dyspnea, muscle spasms, seizures

Lesions: GI inflammation, acute hepatitis, nephritis