Development Journalism and Development Communication

Comprehensive practice flashcards covering the concepts, history, principles, comparative frameworks, ethics, and communication theories of Development Journalism and Development Communication.

According to the lecture notes, what is the status quo of journalism and newsrooms in the Philippines?

Journalism is not free and not liberated, even within newsrooms.

What global development framework established by the United Nations is depicted in this image?

The Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs).

How is Development Journalism defined in the lecture notes?

A form of reporting that focuses on social, economic, and political processes related to nation-building, poverty reduction, and community welfare.

What statistic is provided in the notes to illustrate economic inequality in the Philippines?

$10\%$ of the Philippine population controls $90\%$ of the economic resources.

How were countries categorized under the historical Underdeveloped—Developing classification?

First World: developed; Second World: industrial-commercial; Third World: developing.

How did the definition of "development" shift from the First Development Decade to the Second Development Decade?

In the First Development Decade (1960s), development was defined by observable signs of increasing gross national product (GNP); in the Second Development Decade, it expanded to basic indicators such as enough food, clothing, footwear, shelter, employment, equality, and education.

What major focal areas were introduced during the Third Development Decade?

Women in Development (role of women and gender issues), Environment (environmental impact assessments), Social Dimensions (social and cultural impacts), Indigenous People (modernization of cultural minorities), and Sustainable Development (convergence of economic, social, and environmental goals).

When, where, and by whom was development journalism originally conceived?

It was conceived in the 1960s at the Press Foundation of Asia (PFA) by Filipino journalists Alan Chalkley and Juan Mercado.

What concern prompted Alan Chalkley and Juan Mercado to organize development journalism training seminars at the PFA?

They were concerned that news organizations were inadequately covering socio-economic development, merely regurgitating government press releases and quotes while ignoring detailed analysis, interpretation, or evaluation of development projects and problems.

What are the Five Principles of Development Journalism?

1. Broad Scope
2. Bottom-Up Communication
3. Pragmatic & Unconventional
4. Professional Intellectuals
5. Multiple Sites & Media Pluralism

How does development journalism implement the principle of "Bottom-Up Communication"?

It reports from the bottom up by prioritizing the voices and perspectives of people at the grassroots level who are most adversely affected by modernization, giving them access to mass audiences and policymakers.

What are the four primary roles of journalists in development journalism?

1. Journalists as Nation Builders
2. Journalists as Government Partners
3. Journalists as Agents of Empowerment
4. Journalists as Watchdogs and Guardians of Transparency

What are the five core news values of Development Journalism?

Development, Social Responsibility, Education, National Integration, and Human Interest.

How did theoretical synthesis lead to Development Media as the "Fifth Theory of the Press"?

An Authoritarian thesis generated a Libertarian anti-thesis; the synthesis produced the Soviet Totalitarian (Social Centralist) model, which developed an anti-thesis in post-war U.S. Social Responsibility Theory, ultimately synthesizing into Development Media.

Which Philippine academic institution first established Development Communication as a formal academic program?

University of the Philippines – College of Agriculture.

What content and practices are explicitly forbidden under the Development Communication/Journalism philosophy?

Monopolies, government propaganda, manipulative advertising, immorality/obscenity, and inanities (messages that serve no positive social purpose).

What is the purpose of promoting a "scientific temper" in society through development journalism?

To inject required changes for the all-round development of the principal actors: politicians, media, and citizens.

How does the moulding of public opinion differ between Conventional Journalism and Developmental Journalism?

Conventional journalism is vertical (from the dominant mainstream group down to the grassroots), whereas developmental journalism is horizontal (prioritizing the actual views of the grassroots and those directly affected by policies).

How do Conventional Journalism and Developmental Journalism differ regarding their reporting focus and stance?

Conventional journalism focuses on crime, disasters, individual achievements, and dispassionate neutrality; developmental journalism focuses on socio-economic values, community empowerment, and tipping the balance toward the grassroots as a participant observer.

What is the primary role difference between Development Journalism (DJ) and Development Support Communication (DSC)?

Development Journalism acts as an independent watchdog that holds authorities accountable for development failures, whereas DSC acts as a partner that facilitates the success of specific government or NGO initiatives.

What are the seven steps in writing Development Journalism?

1. Identify the Systemic Angle
2. Lead with Human Impact
3. Incorporate Data & Evidence
4. Examine the "Response" (Solutions Approach)
5. Highlight Limitations & Challenges
6. Include Affected Voices First
7. Address "What's In It For Me" (WIFM)

What does the "BAK" framework stand for in ethical reporting for development journalism?

Build Trust First, Avoid "Parachute" Reporting, and Keep Tone Constructive.

What are the four principles of Visual Storytelling (ALBF)?

1. Approach as One Human to another
2. Listen Before Taking Photos
3. Build Trust Over Time
4. Focus on Emotion & Content Over Equipment

What are the key challenges faced by Development Journalism?

Competition from citizen journalism, political economy and media concentration, limited resources/time/equipment, criticisms of being "too Marxist," low ethical/professional standards, beating deadlines, commercialization of news, and development journalism degenerating into "envelopment journalism."

What are the Pillars/Layers and the Action Framework used in development journalism reporting?

Pillars / Layers: Top, Heart, Branches, Fruits, Roots. Action Framework: Delve, Debunk, Decode.

What is the Digital Divide, and what are its three specific types?

The gap and inequality in access existing between socio-economic groups. Its three types are Gender Divide (men and women's access), Social Divide (social stratification), and Universal Access Divide (lack of digital literacy, low education, and inadequate broadband infrastructure).

In a development communication plan, what do the letters A, B, C, and D stand for in the Communication Objective?

A – Audience, B – Behaviour, C – Condition, D – Degree.

What are the four components of Paulo Freire's Model of Communication?

1. Dialogue (back-and-forth communication)
2. Conscientization (acknowledgment, awareness, and handling of inherent reality)
3. Praxis (ongoing examination of theory and real-world practice)
4. Transformation (enlightenment that promotes active consciousness and critical thinking)

What does the acronym "AKAP" represent in the context of critical consciousness and participatory communication?

Awareness, Knowledge, Attitude, and Proactive.