nursing midterm: IV and abnormalities of the head, neck, and thorax

Four steps of physical examination

Look, listen, feel, and smell.

Clear watery ocular discharge

Indicates irritation or inflammation.

Mucopurulent ocular discharge

Indicates infection or inflammation.

Schirmer tear test

Diagnostic tool that measures tear production.

Tonometry

Diagnostic tool used to measure ocular pressure.

Fluorescein staining

Diagnostic tool used to detect corneal ulcers.

Aural hematoma

Accumulation of blood within the pinna.

Horner's syndrome signs

Anisocoria, drooping eyelid, sunken eye, and third eyelid protrusion.

Vestibular disease signs

Head tilt and ataxia.

Salivary mucocele

Abnormal accumulation of saliva in tissue.

Common head and neck tumors

Lymphoma, melanoma, and squamous cell carcinoma.

Facial nerve paralysis

Causes drooping lip, food loss, and loss of blinking.

Injection Double-Check Checklist

Patient info, medication, dose, route, injection site, and expiration date.

Subcutaneous (SQ) Injection Angle

45 degrees

SC injection sites

dorsal cervial region, between the scapulas, lateral thorax

Intramuscular (IM) Injection Angle

90 degrees

IM injection sites

hamstring, epaxial muscle, quadriceps, triceps

Intravenous (IV) Injection Angle

25 degrees

IV injection sites

cephalic vein, medial saphenous, lateral saphenous

Intradermal (ID) Injection Angle

15 degrees

Intradermal (ID) Common Uses

Allergy testing and diagnostic testing.

Over the Needle IVC (most used) Maximum Duration and limitation

can be in place for 72 hours at most and it cannot administer medications beyond 600 mOsm.

Through the Needle IVC (jugular catheter or in peripheral veins) Duration

3 to 5 days.

Multi-Lumen Catheter Advantage

Multiple ports allow simultaneous administration of medications.

Common IVC Complications

Phlebitis, occlusion, catheter breaks, hematoma, infection, and extravasation.

IVC injections site

cephalic vein, medial saphenous, lateral saphenous, jugular vein

winged butterfly

mainly used for venipuncture and can be taped in temporarily

Thoracic Cavity Boundaries

Ribs, sternum, and diaphragm forming a negative pressure system.

Pectus Excavatum

Congenital ventral sternum deformity.

PRAA

Persistent right aortic arch where the aorta forms on the right instead of left.

Pneumonia

Inflammation in the alveoli caused by bacteria, viruses, or fungi.

Pleural Effusion

Accumulation of fluid in the pleural space.

Pneumothorax

Presence of air in the pleural space due to trauma or defects.

Asthma

Chronic respiratory condition involving airway constriction.

Heart Murmurs

Turbulent blood flow classified as physiologic or pathologic.

pathological signs of a heart murmur

structural issues, PDA, valve defects disease, MMVD

physiological signs of heart murmurs

innocent, anemia, tachycardia

Cardiomyopathies (Hypertrophic cardiomyopathy vs Dilated cardiomyopathy)

HCM occurs mostly in cats; DCM occurs mostly in dogs.

what are some causes for cardiomyopathy?

genetic, drug induced, viral, nutritional, endocrine

Flail Chest

Thoracic trauma condition causing paradoxical chest movement.

arrhythmia

any rhythm that falls outside of the normal rhythm

what causes arrhythmia ?

cardiac diseases, cardiac conduction abnormalities, extra cardiac causes

pericardial effusion

fluid in the pericardium

what can pleural effusion cause?

tumors, pericarditis, infection, trauma, clotting disorders, and hypoalbuminemia

what is neoplasia

tumors / cancer

what are some symptoms of neoplasia

lethargy, inappetence, dyspnea, productive bloody cough, collapse, pleural or pericardial effusion