History Term 1

Neolithic/ Agricultural Revolution

When people stopped following the food sources and started to grow their own food to stay in one place

Hunter-Gatherer

A nomadic person from before farming was created that relied on hunting and gathering wild food sources for survival.

Epic of Gilgamesh

A Mesopotamian story that is the oldest written story we have and it was written in cuneiform

Hammurabi’s Law Code

The first laws written by a Babylonian king named Hammurabi

Cuneiform

an ancient writing form that the Mesopotamians and Sumerians used to write in and it was wedge shapes

Mesopotamia

the first civilization known for its advances in writing, architecture, and governance, located between the Tigris and Euphrates rivers.

Tigris and Euphrates

Mesopotamia’s two main rivers that provided water and fertile land for agriculture when they flooded. They were considered wild and it was considered that the gods were cruel because of the unpredictable rivers.

Ziggurat

The shape of the Egyptian pyramids

Polytheism

The worshiping of multiple gods in a religion

Bronze

The material that the first tools were made out of

Egypt

An ancient civilization that had pharos (kings and gods) that doubled as war generals

The Nile River

They Egyptians main river and water source that flooded very consistently causing the Egyptians to think that the gods were kind and cared about them

Pyramids

Where the Egyptians would bury the pharaohs as a sign of respect and their great power

Pharaohs

The Egyptians kings, gods, and war generals at the time who were buried in the pyramids as a sign of their power

Indus River Valley

A well built civilization that had plumbing and disappeared mysteriously

China

A country that had many dynasties and was ruled without major issues for the first while

The importance of rivers

Food

Water

Agricultural purposes

Religious purposes

Travel

Nomads

People that are native to one specific place and that wander to many places

Dynastic Cycle

An excuse to kick a certain dynasty out because things were going wrong so of course the gods didn’t like them.

Polis/City State

A small independent country that served Greece’s philosophical and political side

Cyrus the Great

Founded the first Persian empire. He was tolerant of religious beliefs, he was respectful and even spread cultures throughout the land

The Persian Empire

Darius the great was their ruler through the war with Greece. The Persians had an amazing military from recruiting men from the newly conquered lands

Phalanx

The Greek battle maneuver that includes the shields and spears that stick out of it like a turtle shell with spikes

Zoroastrianism

The Persians religion that was based on light and darkness

Geography of Greece

Often grew olives, made wine, near the ocean, dry and pretty baren.

Trojan War

The war between the Trojans and the Greeks (Spartans Athens and the rest of Greece) that leads to the down fall of the Trojans and the rise of Athens above the rest of the Greeks

Dorians, Minoans, and Myceneans

The Minoans were in the bronze age and were simple traders. They mysteriously disappeared. The Myceneans collapsed quickly, then the Dorians take over and their civilization goes backwards and they can no longer write. 400 years without records and only orally kept stories

Major Greek Gods

Pertaining to Zeus, Athena, Hades, Apollo, etc.

Athens VS Sparta

Athens was big on art and theater. They got extremely wealthy after the Trojan war and the Greeks started sending them their money. Sparta was only for soldiers. Their boys leave home to be trained at the age of 7 until their 30. They serve in the military until they are 60. The women learned how to fight to protect their city well the men were at war. The Spartans hate comfort.

Democracy

A governmental system where the people have the power to vote on laws equally and justly.

Consequences of the Persian Wars

Greece has more confidence and are more united. Athens starts the Delian League and so begins their golden age of wealth. The Persians retreat but are still alive.

The Delian League/Peloponnesian League

After the Persian war the cities agreed to send Athens some money often to make Greece more prosperous but Athens mostly just used the money to better themselves

Pericles

Pericles is the leader throughout the majority of the golden age in Athens. Pericles planned to better Athens democracy, build an empire, glorify Athens and better their art, drama and history

Alexander the Great

Conquered lots of land and made was taught by Aristotle. Also became a pharaoh gets stabbed to death by the sennet

Greek Philosophers

Socrates served in the Polynesian wars. He believed in the importance of virtue and the nature of the soul. Plato is Socrates’s student. Physical reality, the workings of human reason and the pursuit of knowledge.

Alexandria

Alexander the great conquered much land including a city in Egypt that he would name Alexandria. It would become a storage of art, literature, mathematics, and much more.

Hellenistic Culture

The combining of the cultures that were all ruled under Alexander the Great’s rule.

Patricians

The higher noble class of people

Plebeians

The regular working class of the city

Republic

Where a select person holds the power that the rest of the people give them as a representative

Julius Caesar

He swooped in during the instability in the Roman Politics and marched into Rome and declared himself dictator. He offered citizenship, gave food, and made new jobs. He was very popular before he got murdered

Punic Wars

Rome and Carthage wars. ended with Rome burning Carthage to the ground and winning

Caesar Augustus/Octavian

Capable ruler, paid services, senate kept meeting, conquered more land and peace in Rome

Pax Romana

The Golden age of Rome before its eventual steady decline

Constantine

The first roman ruler to convert to Christianity due to the war he won. He made it legal to be a Christian.

Christianity

A religion that centers around Christ and a singular god.

Aqueducts

A water channeling system that runs through cities so that people can move by boat and can always have water.

Gladiator

 The champions that fought in Athens in the theater and food plan of the government. They fought in the gladiator fights against other men and beasts