CP2 Quizzam 3 Part 1 (Equine diseases)

What is colic in a horse?

a symptom that relates to abdominal pain

What are the three main causes of Colic?

indigestion, impaction, and inflammation

What is indigestion related to colic?

anything that causes gas to accumulate within the GI tract

What is impaction related to colic?

fecal and sand; constipation

What is inflammation related to colic?

typically due to parasites; do fecal egg count loads to see parasitic load

How do we prevent colic in a horse?

maintain a regular diet, no moldy hay, fine hay can cause issues, provide mineral blocks to encourage water consumption,

What can colic cause that leads to mortality?

torsion of the intestines

What is the treatment for colic?

empty out the GI tract, encourage GI motility by walking the horse, pass a stomach tube and administer mineral oil to lube up, enemas for impaction, banamine for pain control

How do we treat an intestinal torsion due to colic?

surgery

What is laminitis?

inflammation of the laminate; creates union between the hoof wall and the underlying hoof bone

What is the underlying bone in the horse's hoof called?

pedal bone

What happens if laminitis is not treated quickly enough?

the pedal bone rotates

What is laminitis called until the rotation of the pedal bone?

founder

How are GI issues related to the hoof?

GI issues cause circulatory issues to the hoof

What are the clinical signs of laminitis?

depression, off feed, lameness in affected limb, reluctant to move, altered stance, heat radiating from the hoof, increase pulses of the hoof

How do we treat laminitis?

treat symptoms, pain meds, anti-inflammatory meds, professional shoeing

What happens once the bone rotates?

It is permanent and mild exercise is needed

What is navicular disease?

degeneration of the navicular bone

How do we find out if a horse has navicular disease?

ultrasound, radiographs, MRI

What is navicular disease related to?

circulatory issues

What is the main treatment for navicular disease?

pain management, adjust nutrition like omega fatty acids, and splints for joint support

What is navicular syndrome?

involvement of the surrounding structures like ligaments and tendons

What is choke in a horse?

obstruction of the esophagus

What causes choke in a horse?

usually feed related; too dry, whole foods like apples and carrots

What are the clinical signs of choke in a horse?

drooling, mucous discharge from nose, gagging/coughing noise, distressed

How do we treat choke in a horse?

sedation to calm the horse, pass gastric tube to remove blockage, put on modified diet for a period of time

What is strangles?

bacterial disease causes by Streptococcus Equis

What does strangles cause?

inflammation in the upper airway and abscesses in the adjacent submandibular lymph nodes, inflammation in the tracheal area

What are the clinical signs of strangles?

fever, anorexia, depression (FAD), nasal and ocular discharge, development of abscesses, and dyspnea

What is the transmission of strangles?

spread from discharges of the upper airways and rupturing of abscesses in the neck

Is strangles considered contagious?

Yes, highly contagious

What is the treatment for strangles?

antibiotics, banamine, gastric feeding, tracheotomy in severe cases, and IV fluids

What is bastard strangles?

internal abscesses are formed

How do we prevent strangles?

isolate infected horses

What is equine influenza?

characterized by high fever, and highly contagious mucus discharge and off feed

How do we prevent equine influenza?

vaccine; however, it is very short-lived, so it is not common

What is equine encephalomyelitis?

inflammation of the brain lining; viral

what are the three strains of equine encephalomyelitis?

Eastern (EEE), Western (WEE), and Venezuelan (VEE)

What is the most prevalent strain of equine encephalomyelitis in the US?

Eastern and Western

Which strain of equine myeloencephalitis has the highest mortality rate?

Eastern strain

What is the host for equine myeloencephalitis?

wild birds

How is equine myeloencephalitis transmitted?

mosquitoes

What are the clinical signs of equine myeloencephalitis?

fever, impaired vision, irregular gate, circling, head pressing, seizures, death

What do we call a horse that remains alive with myeloencephalitis?

dummy horses

How do we treat equine myeloencephalitis?

supportive care, anti-inflammatories, anticonvulsant drugs to control seizures

How do we prevent equine myeloencephalitis?

control mosquito population, insect repellent, vaccine is available

How long does the equine myeloencephalitis vaccine last?

effective for 6-8 months

What is equine infectious anemia?

viral disease

What are other names for equine infectious anemia?

EIA or swamp fever

How is EIA transmitted?

blood sucking insects like mosquitoes, biting flies, and contaminated instruments

Can EIA be passed in utero?

yes

What are the clinical signs of EIA?

intermitent fever, depression, weakness, weightloss, anemia

What are the two forms of EIA?

acute and chronic

Which form of EIA is the carrier and source of infection to others?

chronic

What happens to horses that develop the acute form of EIA?

usually die

Is there a vaccine for EIA?

no vaccine

What is the test called for EIA?

Coggins test

What happens to a horse if they test positive for EIA?

usually euthanized but some states allow them to live but must be quarantined

What is equine herpes virus?

a viral disease caused by EHV 1-4

Which strains of equine herpes virus are most prevalent?

1 and 4

What are the clinical signs of equine herpes virus?

respiratory disease, neurological disease, abortion, neonatal illness, abortion

What strain is related to reproductive clinical signs of EHV?

1 strain

What is the treatment for EHV?

supportive care

What is Potomac horse fever?

a bacterial disease caused by Neorickettsia ristici

How is Potomac Horse Fever transmitted?

eating infected equatic insects like flies

What are the increased risk factors for Potomac horse fever?

living near fresh water streams and rivers or irrigated pastures

What are the clinical signs of Potomac Horse Fever?

FAD, diarrhea, potentially colic, laminitis

How do we treat Potomac horse fever?

antibiotics usually tetracycline and supportive care like IV fluids and NSAIDs

What is the prognosis for Potomac horse fever?

most horses clinical signs resolve in 72 hours

How do we prevent Potomac horse fever?

vaccine

How do we diagnose Potomac horse fever?

specialized blood test that has to be repeated

What is West Nile virus?

a mosquito-borne virus

What is the host for West nile virus?

birds

Is West Nile virus zoonotic?

yes, considered rare

What are the clinical signs of West Nile Virus?

flu like symptoms, associated with encephalitis, incoordination, stumbling, twitching, head pressing, and can cause encephalitis

How do we treat West Nile virus?

no treatment other than supportive care

What happens to horses if they show the flu-like symptoms of West Nile virus?

usually make full recovery

What happens to horses if they show neurological signs of West Nile Virus?

can have life long gait issues

What is the mortality rate for West Nile virus?

33%

What kind of horse is most likely to get the neurological form of West Nile virus?

older horses

How do we prevent West Nile virus?

vaccine, mosquito control