gov final

4th amendment

prevents unreasonable search & seizure/sets requirements for issuing warrants

5th amendment

protects citizens from unfair legal proceedings (Miranda Rights)

6th amendment

right to speedy & public trial

8th amendment

protects from imposing excessive bail/fines & cruel & unusual punishment

civil rights

guarantees of equal opportunity & protection through obligations imposed on government to protect individuals

inside strategy

pursuing change while acting inside the system (Mamdani, Bernie)

outside strategy

protests, boycotts

13th amendment

abolished slavery

14th amendment

guaranteed birthright citizenship, equal protection & due process

15th amendment

guaranteed black MEN the right to vote

The Civil Rights Act of 1866

First federal law affirming that all citizens were equally protected by the law & that no state could pass new laws discriminating between black & white

de jure “by law” segregation

legally enforced segregation

de facto “by fact” segregation

segregation that occurred with no legal enforcement (neighborhoods, cafeterias)

massive resistance

southern state legislators passed laws ordering districts to maintain segregated schools & cut funding for those who refused

montgomery bus boycott

rosa parks getting arrested for not sitting in black section of bus, resulted in 40,000 black bus riders to boycott for 4 months until supreme court ruled it unconstitutional

student sit-ins

Greensboro 4 lunch counter “whites only” section, 3,600 arrested nationwide for participating, by end of year “whites only” policy was lifted

march on washington

Aug 1963, Martin Luther King “I Have A Dream” speech. later met with JFK to discuss civil rights legislation

selma-to-montgomery marches

raise awareness of voting rights violations & pressure congress, series of marches from selma to montgomery Alabama

“Bloody Sunday”

Alabama state troops stopped the first attempt of selma-montgomery marches with clubs & tear gas while they were crossing a bridge

The Civil Rights Act of 1964

ended discrimination in public spaces/accommodations, segregation in schools, & by employers in hiring, firing & promoting

The Voting Rights Act of 1965

barred literacy tests & other barriers for voting

24th amendment

abolished poll tax

Title VII (7)

unlawful to discriminate on basis of color, religion, sex, & race. also created the Equal Employment Opportunity Act

The Fair Housing Act of 1965

prohibited housing discrimination

19th amendment

1920, guaranteed women the right to vote

The Equal Rights Amendment of 1972 (ERA)

equality of rights under the law shall not be denied on account of sex

Equal Pay Act of 1963

outlawed paying woman differently than men for the same job

Title IX (9)

adopt strict procedures to address charges of sexual assault & harassment on college campuses