skin exam review

where are telomeres located?

at the end of chromosomes

what are the three things that can happen to the cell once the telomere shrinks down?

die off, be replaced, go into retirement

explain 10 things that happen to the epidermis and dermis during the aging process and the visual effects it causes

loss of lipids - uneven dry skin
increased TEWL- crapped skin, red + sensitive
collagen decreases- wrinkles + fine lines
loss of elastin - facial expression lines
loss of hyaluronic acid - dehydration
chemical changes/ hormones - general signs of aging
loss of fat- sunken in and hallow appearance
decrease in cell generation - thinner epidermis
melanin production slows - age spots
wound healing abilities slows - hyper or decrease in pigmentation
muscle atrophy - more droopy appearance
tallamer shorting - general aging in epidermis and dermis

what are the 2 types and forms of eczema and a brief example of both?

engrogenis - can be caused by consumption
exgrogenous - can be caused by contact or lifestyle
atopic - more common in babies, linked to hay fever and migraines
seborhic - also known as cradles cap,

what stage of acne is often referred to as comedonal acne and what stage is often refred to as nodular cystic acne ?

comedonal - stage 1
nodular cystic acne - stage 4

explain what p. acne is

is a bacteria that can live with or without oxygen but loves no oxygen. likes to eat sebum and lives normally on the skin. is the leading cause of acne vulgaris

explain what can happen in the pilosebaceous unit in relation to p.acne when. an excess amount of sebum and keratin cause a pore opening to become blocked?

- no oxygen creates perfect intubation for the bacteria
- creates lots of sebum
- p.acne multiplies
- immune system is triggered bringing white blood cells
- white blood cells cause inflammation
- follicle wall may then rupture further then causing a spread of bacteria

explain what free radicals are and what they do and the importance of antioxidants in relation to them

is a atom missing a positively charged electron. will then try to steal an electron from a stable atom. antioxidants will give the unpaired atom to neutralizing everything out. free radicals can be caused by smoking, uv light, diet, normal cellular functions.

explain how an open comedone forms including the source of discolouration

-dead skin block the opening
- dead skin and sebum solidified
- sebum and. dead skin cells react the pore opening
- melanin in the cells are exposed to oxygen
- then oxides from oxygen and turn brown + black

list the layers of the epidermis from the outter most to inner most layer and give one fact for each

corneum - flat dead skin cells constantly being shed
lucidum - mostly seen on palms and soles of hands and feet
granulosum - final stages of keratinization
spinosum- chemical changes occur with keratinization starting
germinativum- mitosis occurs, three main types of cells are keratin, melanocytes and langerhans

name the functions of the skin and give an example of each

secretion - sebum provides moisture
heat regulation - ecrin glands cool the skin with sweat
absorption - absorbing applied topicals
protection - acid mantel, wound healing prop. intact corneum
excretion - sweating, sudoriferous glands remove toxins
sensation - touch, pain, pressure, heat

explain what keratinization is, where it starts, where it ends and what 3 main things happen during that process

process of living cell to dead. starts in the upper spinosum, ends in the granulosum, cell flattens, loose all fluids, nucleus disintegrates

explain the importance of cleansing the skin, exfoliating the skin, and using sun protection

cleansing - will stop a build up of sebum, helps prep skin
exfoliation - depper product penetration, gets rid of dead skin cells improving skin texture, blood flow, cellular regeneration, unclog skin
SPF - UVA rays go down to the dermis damaging collagen + elastin deeply dehydrating the skin, speeding the aging process. used to prevent skin cancer

what is the number one cause of extrinsic aging, give 2 other factors of extrinsic aging

UV exposure
smoking
drinking
diet

list some factors that can contribute to acne, regardless of skin type

stress
pregnancy
hormonal changes
diet (gluten, dairy)

list the 3 glands of the skin, give 3 facts about each gland

sebaceous glands- secretes sebum, found everywhere but hands
+ feet, opens into hair follicle
sudoriferous glands- apocrine gland under arm, genitals, stinky B.O milky fluid
eccrine gland- releases clear odorless fluid all over the body, found more on hands + feet. comes up the dermis duct and comes out of the skin from pores

how can dry skin contribute to dehydrated skin

lack of oils creates lack of a seal to retain moisture making water evaporate faster

name the 2 layers of the dermis and give 1 fact about each

papillary - feeds the lower layers of the epidermis. is wavy shaped to create more surface area
reticular- collagen and elastin fibers are thicker layer, sits in ground substance gel

what role does the acid mantel play in skin protection

is the first line of defense, key to PH balance, hydrolipid film and mid anti capital properties. mixture of sebum and skin cells

what is the name of the cell that produces melanin?

melanocytes

what helps speed up the conversion of tyrosine to melanin?

tyrosinase

what transports the melasomes to the keratinocyte cells?

dendrites

what is the biological function of melanin

pivoted UV protection

what are keratinocytes

cells that are made of keratin, most abundant cell in the epidermis

what are melanosomes

pigmented graduals

list 6 factors that contribute to developing a dry and or dehydrated skin

- improper exfoliation
- atmosphere, environment
- products being used
- smoking + drinking
- long hot baths + showers

what is a macule

pigmentation left from healed acne, not permanent

what structures do fibroblast cells make in the dermis

collagen, elastin, hyaluronic acid

what does collagen do for the skin

resilience, underlines structural support

which layer of the dermis is next to the hypodermis layer?

reticular

list the steps you would or wouldn't take during a facial on someone with rosacea

- gentle exfoliators
- no hot steam
- no hot towels (cold towels instead)
- no massage, extra lymph instead

list 3 example triggers for rosacea flare ups

- diet
- hormones
- spicy foods

explain the visual/ general differences between the 4 tpes of rosacea

stage 1- butterfly pattern of arophema redness
stage 2- more redness, starting to see pustules and papules
stage 3 - large nose, most common in men
stage 4- traveled to the eyes making them constantly feel gritty like sand in the eyes

list some benefits of lymphatic drainage and explain why it is important to do lymph

stimulating the lymphatic system gets rid of excess toxins and waste products
lymphatic system is independent from the heart so its stimulated by movement