Motivation

What are the 2 types of values?

Tangible vs. Intangible

Nonethial vs. Ethical

Explain the tangible vs. intangible values

Tangible: Preferring material things like money and status

Intangible: Striving for ideas, impact, relationships

Explain the nonethical vs, ethical values

Nonethical: Preferring outcomes at whatever cost

Ethical: Considering integrity and responsibility for others

What are the two assumptions of humans?

Theory X

Theory Y

Explain Theory X and how it impacts leaders

Assuming all humans are untrustworthy and lazy, causing micromanaging

Explain Theory Y and how it impacts leaders

Assuming all humans are trustworthy and motivated, causing autonomy and empowerment

What are the two types of orientations?

Task orientation

Relationship orientation

Explain Task and Relationship Orientation

Task: Success is defined by efficiency and output, and presence is tied to performance

Relationship: Family orientation, helping those who fall behind

What is the guiding principle behind motivation?

You have to align individual incentives with group incentives

What are the 3 components to motivation?

Expectancy — If i work harder, will I perform better?

Instrumentality — Will my work cause a good outcome or avoid a bad one?

Valence — Do i value these outcomes?

Expectancy Theories

Goal Setting Theory — SMART Goals, focusing on what should and shouldnt be done

Self Efficacy Theory — I vs. WE and enactive mastery (orchestrating small successes)

What are the 2 components to instrumentality?

Evaluation

Organizational Justice

Types of evaluations

Objective evaluation — Raw numbers drive evaluations (metrics)

Subjective evaluation — Evaluation by peers, customers, and supervisors

Organizational Justice and its components

Distributive — Is the outcome fair?

Procedural — Is the process fair?

Interactional — Am I treated fairly?

In distributive justice, what is a key observation?

The same work with the same pay is more important than any increase in pay

What are the 2 components to valence?

Maslow’s hierarchy of needs

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs

As lower level needs (basic needs) are satisfied, people seek increases at higher levels (EX: People with high incomes no longer care about increases in pay)

Herzberg’s Two-Factor Theory

Things that make people happy are not the same things that motivate them

What are some of the issues with incentives?

1. Money is a poor motivator

2. Can encourage unethical behavior

3. Can be addictive

4. Can reduce creativity

What are the two components of intrinsic motivation?

Autonomy

Meaning/Purpose

Autonomy

What, when, who, and how to work — the strongest predictor of psychological empowerment

Meaning/purpose

Can be increased through speech, outsourcing from the end user, and internal appreciation

According to HBS, what is the biggest differentiator in peoples best versus worst work day?

Being able to make progress in their work