AFP CH 1-3

Executive branch & AFP

President and executive agency

Department of State

(Marco Rubio) Carries out president’s diplomacy and foreign policy

Department of Defense

(Pete Hegseth) carries out president’s military policy

CIA (central intelligence agency)

(John Ratcliffe) Gathers intelligence about foreign policy activity

Secretary of state

(Marco Rubio) Heads the US state department often represents the president abroad. Helps develop/carry out foreign policy state department deals with regions/issues around the world

US foreign service

Diplomatic corps attached to the state department. Includes ambassadors, consults, and other specialists.

Ambassadors (US foreign service)

Represent US political interest in other countries

Consults

represent US business/economic interest

other specialists

technical issues/foreign policy aid

legislative branch

congress has the most foreign powers including setting tariffs/duties regulating foreign commerce regulating immigration power to declare war immigration quotas determines which countries receive most favored nation trade status votes on foreign aid as well as sets defense budget.

congress and the president

congress often accepts changes and rejects policies proposed by the president

Senate approves…

treaties and ambassadors

The president ultimately leads foreign policy but congress has major constitutional powers that

limit the president needs 2/3 votes once approved. treaties = federal binding law

Missouri v. Holland

SCOTUS ruled that the federal government treaty making power is separate from its other enumerated powers

Why is missouri v. holland important

federal government can use treaties to legislate in areas that normally would belong to the states

important congressional committees

senate, foreign relations, armed services, and HLS and gov affairs

important congressional committees house

foreign affairs, HLS, and armed services

Judicial branch

SCOTUS has limited role in AFP. they have jurisdiction over treaties, admiralty and maritime law, ambassadors/other public ministers

disagreement between branches

can be conflict between the president and congress over AFP
example: Woodrow Wilson and the league of nations
supported LON after ww1
senate opposed it and refused to ratify
shows the president cannot always get the foreign policy he wants

War power conflict…

Constitution: Congress declares war
President: commander in chief
however, presidents have committed US forces to major conflicts without a formal declaration of war

Other foreign influences in foreign policy

foreign policy isn't controlled by government branches
political parties influence foreign policy positions and debate

Interest group types

economic/business
ethnic
human rights
environmental

frame issues
provide info/analysis
monitor government policy
react to gov decisions
lobby officials

Foreign country adovcacy groups

try to influence congress and the president
AIPAC/pro Israel advocacy
Greek American lobby
Armenian American lobby
Cuban American lobby

public and media

public opinion can influence FP
media can influence how people understand fp issues
people may organize
protests
political action
advocacy campaigns

Instruments and tools of AFP

diplomacy
economic power
international organizations
treaties alliances
international arbitration

Diplomacy

Representation of a government to other governments to promote national values or interests through peaceful means.

US diplomatic developments

the rogers act of 1924 and foreign service act of 1946

Rogers act of 1924

established the initial framework for a professional US foreign service

foreign service act of 1946

helped create a more professionalized diplomatic corps after WWII

presidents sometimes don't want to rely heavily on state department diplomats because…

the president is ultimately responsible for foreign policy success and failure

United Nations (UN)

founded in 1945. provides a way for countries to negotiate and discuss international problems. Settle disputes peacefully and take multilateral action

General assembly

supreme body of the US 193 member states each one has a representative

Security council

acts as UN’s executive committee US is a permanent member. International discussion negotiation, peaceful dispute settlement

World bank

Bretton Woods conference 1944 stabilize the world economic focuses on, developing countries, reducing poverty, increasing shared prosperity, financing, policy advice, technical assistance, and strengthening private sectors development and poverty

IMF (international monetary fund)

stabilizing the international monetary system
monitoring global member economies
lending to countries with balance of payment problems
providing practical economic assistance
monetary/economic stability

economic aid and sanctions

the US influence other countries economically through economic aid and economic sanctions

economic aid and sanctions

the US can influence other countries economically through economic aid and economic sanctions

economic aid

gives countries resources and incentives encouraging desired behavior

economic sanctions

punish/discourage undesirable behavior. creates disincentives

Why did the US abandon isolationism after ww2?

-Europe was devastated after ww2

-American leaders decided the us needed to remain involved internationally

-soviet union emerged as major ideology and security threat

How did the US take a global leadership role?

US came out of ww2 extremely powerful economically and militarily

had a booming economy with troops stationed abroad
huge navy (only country with atomic bomb)

europe weak + US strong + ussr rising

FDR's post war plan

Did not want isolationism... instead

completely defeat disarm aggressor countries
support self-determination
prevent another global economic depression
create global collective security org.
keep major allied powers cooperating post ww2

FDR imagined (US, Britain, USSR, and China) maintaining world order together similar to the balance of pwr concept

Yalta conference

a conference between Roosevelt, Stalin, and Churchill
(met to discuss end of ww2 and post war world)

Germany divided in occupation zones
USSR received territorial concessions
Poland's post war situation was discussed

liberated European countries supposed to have free elections
USSR agreed to war against Japan

Agreements were reached concerning the UN

What does the Yalta conference show?

shows that the US was already committing itself to involvement in post war Europe and international politics

Liberal international order

U.S. wasn't just creating new military/security system
also an economic one as well

Bretton woods conference of 1944 created...

IMF, the world bank and the GATT

IMF

helps stabilize international monetary relations and assists countries with balance of payment problems

World bank

originally designed to help reconstruction after ww2 and later development

General Agreement on tariffs (GATT)

encouraged more important international trade

Post war American global leadership & economy

US dollar became principle reserve currency
security and economics (US helped construct a rule-based liberal international order with itself in the center)

US soviet relations fall apart

Initially Roosevelt believed that the US could cooperate with the soviet union

Yalta view- USSR acts as a normal great power concerned with power and security

Riga Axioms

soviet union fundamentally motivated by communist ideology (wanted to expand influence)

Stalin v Churchill (stalin perspective)

1946
stalin speech attacking capitalism
discussing capitalism conflict in system

Reinforced that Europe was dividing into two opposite camps

Churchill perspective

iron curtain had fallen across europe

western europe under U.S. western influence
Eastern Europe soviet influence and control

Truman doctrine

1947
Britain told the US it could no longer financially support Greece and Turkey

Truman asked congress for 400 mill. to support them
Importance went way beyond Greece and Turkey

Essentially announced: US would support "free peoples" resisting totalitarian and communist threats

Importance of truman doctrine

marked America's containment to fighting communist expansion globally
clearest starting point of the cold war

Containment

prevent communism and soviet influence from expanding

Kennan argued for "long term, patient but firm and vigilant containment"

Stop soviet expansion while putting pressure in the USSR to eventually weaken/stop soviet pwr

Containment led...

US leaders to develop military, political, and economic ways of containing communism around the world

Military containment alliances

NATO (US, Canada, Western European countries)
SEATO
CENTO
ANZUS

NATO article 5

an attack against one nato member is an attack against all

became most important containment alliance because Europe was the primary area where soviet aggression may occur

Eisenhower Doctrine

containment expands into the middle east
Eisenhower said the US could provide economic and military assistance/potentially to military force countries threatened by international communism


Containment becomes global

Marshall plan 1947

Secretary of state George C. Marshall
provided massive economic assistance to rebuild western Europe
(another method of containment)
Economically healthy Europe would help the US and global economy

rebuild Europe, create stability, and reduce communism

Politically poor unstable Countries were more susceptible to communism.

Truman's 14 points

Wanted to expand development assistance beyond Europe (undeveloped countries)

Point four: technological assistance, industrial assistance, and economic assistance.

Marshall plan---mostly western Europe----point four----developing world/global assistance

Mutual security

US foreign aid became increasingly focused on security aside from the economy

Strengthen countries to resist communism
more military aid to US allies
1950s Military assistance major part of US foreign aid

NC68

1950
major national security document portrayed cold war as a fundamental struggle

Argued that the US needed massive increase in political, economic, and military strength

US (freedom)
Soviet (oppression/communist expansion)

NC68 goals

more military spending
stronger armed forces
nuclear capabilities
aid to allies
domestic support for containment
militarized containment

Domestic cold war

cold war-international communism inside America
Foreign policy disagreement because people accused of "soft on communism"

This contributed to
investigations
loyalty oaths
FBI/CIA surveillance

House un-American activities
fear of communist infiltration/Mccarthyism

Mcarthyism

Public acusations of disloyalty made with little or no regard to actual evidence. Named after senator Joseph Mcarhy these accusations and the scandal and harm the caused came to symbolize the most virulent form of anticommunism.

Korean war (1st test of containment)

extremely important after ww2
NK- Communist influence/soviet
SK- US/western

June 25th 1950, NK invaded SK

US viewed invasion as part of communist expansion (responded militarily)

China enters Korean war

General Douglass Mcarther pushed back NK forces back and moved to the chinese border

China warned US to not approach
US continued chinese troops entered and pushed US back

Truman v Mccarther (Mccarther)

wanted to expand war into china
win war, even if it meant attacking them

Truman v Mccarther (truman)

disagreed with administration policy
wanted to contain communism without starting much bigger war
wanted a limited war not a large one involving soviets
fired Mccarther for insubordination

How did the Korean war strengthen containment

US military spending increased
NATO became more militarized
US maintained large armed forces
US more willing to confront communist aggression
US increasingly saw China USsr as communist bloc
More alliances in asia
NC-68 recc. implemented

Cold war consensus

Late 1940s-1960s
US leaders/much of the public agreed on basic cold war worldview
Free world and communist world

US suspicious of political change

During cold war US leaders often feared revolutions and political instability

Change: commies gain interest
soviet power expands

STABILITY overall
US didn't even oppose authoritarian regimes because they also were anti communist

Munich syndrome

cold war leaders worried that failing to stop communism in one country would encourage it elsewhere

US leaders remembered how Britan/France appeased Hitler between WW2

Don't appease aggressors, confront them early

US as a model

Model for developing countries
US capatalism
technology
democracy
development/prosperity

Tried helping poorer countries to modernize
paternalistic

Challenges to cold war consensus

US vs USSr
became harder to mantain
international system became more complicated

3 developments changed cold war consensus
SINO soviet split
Division among allikes
Nonaligned

SINO soviet split

china and USSR began fighting

Division among allies

countries within both western and communist blocs developed their own interest

Nonaligned

mainly newly developed countries did not want to choose
multipolar v bipolar

WW2 brief

(1939–1945): Global war between the Axis Powers (Germany, Italy, Japan) and the Allies (U.S., Britain, Soviet Union, etc.).

The U.S. entered in 1941 after Pearl Harbor. The Allies defeated the Axis in 1945.

After the war, the U.S. and USSR emerged as the two superpowers, but they had very different political/economic systems, setting up the Cold War

Cold War brief

(c. 1947–1991): Long-term rivalry between the U.S. and Soviet Union.

It was mainly a conflict between capitalism/democracy and communism, fought through political, economic, military, and ideological competition rather than direct war between the two superpowers. U.S. policy centered on containment—preventing the spread of communism.

Time line WW2-cold war

1939 → WWII begins in Europe

1941 → Pearl Harbor → U.S. enters WWII

1945 → WWII ends → U.S. & USSR emerge as superpowers

1947 → Truman Doctrine + Containment → Cold War begins

1949 → USSR gets atomic bomb; NATO created; China becomes communist

1950–1953 → Korean War → containment becomes militarized

1955 → Warsaw Pact created

1957 → USSR launches Sputnik1961 → Bay of Pigs + Berlin Wall

Cuban missel crisis 1962

USSR placed nuclear missiles in Cuba, 90 miles from the US

Kennedy responds with naval quarantine
resolution
USSR removes missiles from cuba
US promised not to involve cuba
Secretely US removed missiles from turkey
Closest US and USSR came to nuclear war

Lessons from Cuban missile crisis

MAP--- nuclear war could destroy both sides (survival is greater than total victory)

USSR=could rationally act/negotiate
accommodation/co-existence with USSR was necessary led to Detente

Chapter three gist

cold war consensus begins to collapse after
cuban missile crisis (1962) dangers of nuclear confrontation

vietnam war damaged trust in US foreign policy
NIXON----realism
CARTER----- liberalism shifts toward realism

Chapter two main gist

after ww2, the US decided it could no longer stay out of world affairs, perceived threats from the soviet union and communism led to containment (stop communism from spreading)


Isolationism equals gradualism

Why the US became so involved in the Vietnam war?

containment

Domino theory-If Vietnam became communist, other southeast Asian countries might follow.

US grew from Truman---Eisenhower-Kennedy---Johnson

Escalation

Kennedy increased advisers from 685----16,000
Johnson- Gulf of Tonkin resolution (1964) gave authority to expand war

Operation rolling through thunder (1965)-major bombing campaign to US ground troops
1968---500,000 plus US troops

Tet offensive 1968

Military: North Vietnam/ Vietcong failed
political major success because it showed enemy is still strong
US confidence in war collapsed---led Johnson not to re-elect

Nixon and Vietnamization

gradually replace US troops with South Vietnamese forces

US forces fell from 500,000---25,000

Nixon expanded fighting into Cambodia, increasing protests

1973 US fell
1975 Saigon fell-communist north Vietnam won
58,000 Americans died

Why the US lost

poor strategy for this type of war
limited war/search and destroy tatics

Weak south Vietnamese government
strong North Vietnamese determination
American public and congress lost support

Major consequences of Vietnam

limited US power

America can't solve every global power

Vietnam syndrome

fear/hesitation about entering another long costly war

More public debate

Hawks v doves

greater criticism of FP

Cold war consensus collapsed

Americans still saw communism as a threat but became less willing to fight it everywhere

Realism

power
national interest
balance of power
military and security
stability
Nixon and Kissinger

"What protects American power and interests"

Liberalim

values
human/global interest
cooperation
political, economic, and Social issues
improving world
president carter

"how can cooperation and values improve the world"

Nixon and Kissingers realism

US should have a more limited global role after Vietnam

focus on balance of power among major powers

US, USSR, china, western Europe, and Japan

Partnership--- allies share responsibility

Strength US maintains military power

Negotiate even with enemies

Kissinger realism

major advocate of realism
goal-stability not spreading democracy

balance of power (more important than morality)

Linkage---actions in one are can affect relations in another

Detente

Relaxation of the US---soviet tensions
compete when necessary, cooperate when possible

SALT i (1972) limited nuclear weapons Nixon visits China (1972) improved US china relations/help balance USSR

Helsink: accords 1975 cooperation/security in Europe