In-class Questions

The _____ functions as the primary input structure of the amygdala.

BLA

The _____ nucleus of the thalamus relays visual info to the amygdala.

pulvinar

CeA projections to the _____ facilitates the downstream release of _____ from the adrenal cortex.

PVN hypothalamus; cortisol

CeA projections to the _____ facilitate fear potentiated startle.

NRPC

The _____ mediates freezing responses to threat.

vlPAG

The _____ mediates flight/fight responses to threat.

l/dlPAG

_____ receptors in the _____ division of the CeA contribute to prosocial and affiliative behaviors by inhibiting output though the _____ division of the CeA.

oxytocin; lateral; medial

The _____ functions to maintain autonomic/sympathetic arousal in dangerous contexts allowing _____ to respond to specific threats as they emerge.

BNST; CeA

The _____ indirectly increases the sensitivity of other corticolimbic circuit (CLC) nodes by driving the release of ACh from the _____.

CeA; NBM

Through the integration of inputs from other CLC nodes the vmPFC facilitates _____ of our experiences.

Subjective evaluation

Three forms of fear learning (through an association of CS w/ US) are _____, _____, and _____.

Conditioning; observational; instructed

Increased activity in the _____ supports observation fear learning in both mice and humans.

dACC

Increased activity in the left _____ and the _____ are associated with _____ fear learning.

vlPFC; dlPFC

Fear _____ describes the contextually appropriate expression of either fear conditioning or extinction and requires input to the BLA from the _____.

Recall; Hippocampal Formation

The larger _____ of fearful eyes are a specific feature that trigger amygdala activity

sclera

A fearful facial expression with _____ gaze and an angry facial expression with _____ gaze trigger greater amygdala activation.

direct; indirect

_____ disorders are associated with the inward experience of distress like depression, anxiety, and fear

Internalizing

Amygdala _____ is a trait-like feature associated with increased risk for internalizing disorders.

Hyperactivity

Hyperactivity of the _____ may reflect exaggerated bottom-up visual processing of threat in internalizing disorders.

Pulvinar

Hyperactivity of the _____ may reflect exaggerated top-down cognitive processing of threat in internalizing disorders.

dACC

Anticipatory anxiety is associated with hyperactivity of the _____ and decreased habituation of the _____.

BNST; amygdala

Specific phobia may reflect fear conditioning in the absence of fear _____ in safe contexts.

Extinction

Hyperactivity of the _____ before the experience of trauma is associated with higher PTSD symptoms.

Amygdala

Hypoconnectivity between the _____ & _____ after the experience of trauma is associated with higher PTSD symptoms.

HF; vmPFC

_____ aggression is associated with amygdala hyperactivity particularly in response to _____ facial expressions.

Reactive; angry