2.1.1 How are urban and rural areas of the UK linked?

What is urbanisation?

Process by which an increasing percentage of a country's population comes to live in towns and cities

What percentage of the world’s population lives in urban areas according to the UN?

55

What is the percentage of the world’s population living in urban areas predicted to increase to by 2050?

68

Why do industries move from HICs to NICs? What three things do they benefit from?

1. Cheaper workforce

2. Government incentives

3. Tax breaks and other advantages

What are push factors from rural areas?

• unemployment

• lack of services

• low income

• environmental problems such as drought

What are the pull factors of cities?

• increased and better jobs

• education

• healthcare

• improved living conditions

What is an example of urbanisation in Mumbai?

In Mumbai, many migrants move from rural Maharashtra or Uttar Pradesh seeking employment in manufacturing and services

What is an example of urbanisation in Sydney?

In Sydney, international migrants arrive for high-skilled jobs and a better quality of life

What is an example of natural increase being particularly strong in a country?

In India, over half the population is under 30 due to rapid population growth

Name 4 HICs which have declining rates of urban growth

UK, Germany, Japan and America

Why are the rates of urban growth declining in HICs?

The industrial revolution pulled the population into developing urban areas at the time, which are now becoming overcrowded

Which NICs have rapid urban growth?

India, Russia, Brazil and China
- specifically, Lagos in Nigeria, Shanghai in China, Sao Paulo in Brazil

Why do NICs have rapid urban growth?

NICs are becoming key trade hub cities due to investment from the government and MNCs improving finance, electronics and manufactured goods

Which LICs have the fastest rates of urbanisation?

Sub-Saharan countries including Rwanda and Ethiopia, Asian Vietnam, Bangladesh, Philippines

Why do LICs have extremely high rates of urbanisation?

Economic development is concentrated in big cities, investment in low-cost manufacturing of textiles, garments and shoes

What is a megacity?

A city with more than 10 million people

Where is the largest growth of megacities seen in?

In Asia, specifically, Tokyo, where there are close to 37.3 million people

What are the four main reasons of growth?

1. Economic development

2. Population growth

3. Economic of scale

4. Multiplier effect

What are global cities?

Major urban centres that act as strategic hubs in the world’s economic, financial and cultural network

What are social challenges of rapid urbanisation?

Shortage of housing leading to slums, overcrowding and poor sanitation

What is an example of a country with many slums?

Mumbai: in Dharavi, slum houses nearly one million people in just over 2 km squared

What are economic challenges of a country with rapid urbanisation?

Unemployment or underemployment due to high population growth

What are environmental challenges that rapid urabnisation countries can face?

Air and water pollution, waste disposal issues, spread of informal housing in hazardous areas such as floodplains