Circulatory System

in simple animals, gases, nutrients, and wastes are exchanged by

diffusion

____, ____, and ____, lack a separate circulatory system

sponges, cnidarians, and nematodes

sponges circulate water using many incurrent ___ and one excurrent __

pores, pore

hydra circulate water through a ___

gastrovascular cavity

nematodes are thin enough that the ____ can also be used as a circulatory system

digestive tract

larger animals require a separate ___

circulatory system for nutrient and waste transport

open circulatory system -

no distinction between circulating and extracellular fluid

name of fluid in open circulatory system

hemolymph

closed circulatory system -

distinct circulatory fluid enclosed in blood vessels and transported away from and back to the heart

arthropod and mollusk circulatory system

open

how do arthropods and mollusks open circulatory system work

an elongated beating heart(s) pushes the hemolymph through the body and muscle contractions help to move fluid

what type of circulatory system do earthworms have

closed

earthworms- heart pumps blood through __

vessels that are separate from the interstitial fluid of the body

most vertebrates and some invertebrates like an annelid earthworm , have a ___ circulatory system

closed

in vertebrates there two types of circulation __ __

pulmonary circulation and systemic circulation

pulmonary circulation:

moves blood between the heart and lungs

systemic circulation:

moves blood between the heart and rest of body

fish have a ___ chambered heart

2

where is blood pumped to in fish

blood is pumped through the gills, and then to the rest of the body

what are the two chambers of a fish heart

an atrium and a ventricle

amphibians have a __ chambered heart

3

what are the three chambers of an amphibian heart

two atria and one big ventricle

how do amphibians get most of their oxygen

diffusion

how many chambers in a reptile heart

3

what are the three chambers of a reptile heart

2 atria and 2 ventricles but there is incomplete seperation of the ventricles

reptiles don’t produce body heat so don’t need as much

oxygenation

how many chambers are in the hearts of mammals birds and crocodilians

4

what are the 4 chambers in mammals birds and crocodilian hearts

2 separate atria and 2 separate ventricles

patient left and patient right

yes

right atrium recieves

deoxygenated blood

right atrium receives deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the

right ventricle

right atrium received deoxygenated blood from the body and delivers it to the right ventricle which pumps it to the

lungs

left atrium receives ___ blood

oxygenated

left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers it to the

left ventricle

left atrium receives oxygenated blood from the lungs and delivers it to the left ventricle which pumps it to

the rest of the body

what type of tissue is blood

connective tissue

connective tissue are surrounded by an

extracellular matrix

extracellular matrix present in blood

plasma

cells found in blood

RBCs, WBCs, platelets

true or false: blood acts as a way to survey body

true

functions of blood

transportation, regulation, protection

blood plasma makes up what percent of blood

55

plasma is what percent water

92

plasma contains a lot of different__

solutes

if removed plasma is called ___

serum

erythrocytes =

red blood cells

about how many red blood cells per microliter of blood

5 million

hematocrit =

fraction of the total blood volume occupied by red blood cells

mature mammalian erythrocytes lack __

nuclei

how many days do rbcs circulate for before being recycled

120

RBCs of vertebrates contain

hemoglobin

what is hemoglobin

pigment that binds and transports oxygen

true or false: every day the body is creating and recycling blood cells

true

human red blood cells either have type A or B ___ on their surface both or neither

glycoproteins

neither A or B glycoproteins leads to what blood type

O

glycoproteins on RBCs serve as __ and can elicit and immune response in a person who receives a transfusion containing unfamiliar antigens

antigens

leukocytes =

white blood cells

leukocytes make up less that __% of blood cells

1

true or false: leukocytes are smaller than erythrocytes

false

leukocytes are ___ than erythrocytes

larger

leukocytes have __

nuclei

leukocytes can migrate out of ___ and into ___

out of capillaries and into tissue fluid

what are the two types of leukocytes

granular and agranular

what are platelets

cell fragments that pinch off from larger cells in the bone marrow

function of platelets

the formation of blood clots

blood leaves heart through the ___

arteries

what are the finest microscopic branches of the arterial tree

arterioles

blood from arterioles enters __

capillaries

blood from capillaries is collected into __

venules

venules lead to larger vessels, ___

veins

veins carry blood back to __

heart

arteries and veins have __ tissue layers

4

walls of arteries and veins are too tick for

exchange of materials

capillaries are composed of a ___ layer of endothelial cells

single

capillaries being composed of a single layer of endothelial cells allows for

rapid exchange of gases and metabolites between blood and body cells

fluid from the capillaries moves into the __

interstitial space

fluid from the capillaries moves into the interstitial space by

diffusion down a pressure gradient and by osmosis

how does fluid from capillaries that move into interstitial space enter lymph capillaries

diffusion down a pressure gradient and by osmosis

significant amount of water and solutes in the blood plasma filters through the walls of the capillaries to form the __

interstitial fluid

fluid that does not return to capillaries is returned to circulation by the ___ system

lymphatic

what is the lymphatic system

a network of tissues, vessels, and organs that work together to move a colorless water fluid called lymph back into your circulatory system (bloodstream)

blood vessels of the ___ system including arteries and veins keep the heart musculature oxygenated

coronary system

human heart has ___ pair of valves

2

what are the two pairs of valves in the mammal heart

the atrioventricular valves and the semilunar valves

role of atrioventricular valves

maintain unidirectional blood flow between atria and ventricles

tricuspid valve

atrioventricular valve on the patients right

bicuspid/mitral valve

atrioventricular valve on the patients left

role of semilunar valves

ensure one way flow out of the ventricles to the vessels

pulmonary valve

located at the exit of the right ventricle

aortic valve

located at the exit of the left ventricle

valve open and close as the heart goes through the ___ cycle

cardiac

systole

force of the heart (pressure) when heart is contracting

diastole

force of the heart (pressure) when heart is relaxed

(lub dub sound heard on stethoscope)lub sound

AV valves closing

(lub dub sound heard on stethoscope)dub sound

closing of semilunar valves

what do ECG and EKG measure

electrical activity

what is blood pressure

the pressure exerted by blood on the walls of a blood vessel that helps

systolic blood pressure measure

the amount of pressure the blood exerts on vessels while the heart is beating

diastolic blood pressure measures

the pressure in the vessels between heartbeats

blood pressure is measure as

systole/diastole