CHAPTER 4 Body Structure

Practice flashcards covering body organization, anatomical planes, cavities, medical combining forms, disease terms, and clinical diagnostic procedures based on the lecture notes.

Homeostasis

A state of equilibrium within the internal environment of the body, including temperature, hydration (fluid volume), and acidity and salts (electrolytes).

Sign

An objective indicator of disease, such as a rash, swelling, or a lump.

Symptom

A subjective indicator of disease, such as dizziness, nausea, or pain.

Midsagittal (median) plane

A body plane that divides the body into right and left halves.

Coronal (frontal) plane

A body plane that divides the body into anterior and posterior portions.

Transverse (horizontal) plane

A body plane that divides the body into upper and lower portions.

Dorsal (posterior) cavities

The cranial and spinal cavities located at the back of the body.

Ventral (anterior) cavities

The thoracic, abdominal, and pelvic cavities located at the front of the body.

Umbilicus

The central point of the body where $2$ imaginary lines (one horizontal and one vertical) cross to divide the abdominopelvic cavity into $4$ quadrants.

RUQ

Right Upper Quadrant.

LUQ

Left Upper Quadrant.

RLQ

Right Lower Quadrant.

LLQ

Left Lower Quadrant.

Epigastric region

The abdominopelvic region located above the stomach.

Hypogastric region

The abdominopelvic region located beneath the umbilicus (navel).

Inguinal (iliac) regions

The right and left abdominopelvic regions located near the groin.

Hypochondriac regions

The right and left abdominopelvic regions located in the upper area, under the ribs.

Combining form (CF) for cell

cyt/o

Combining form (CF) for nucleus

kary/o

Combining form (CF) for tissue

hist/o

Combining form (CF) for white

leuk/o

Combining form (CF) for red

erythr/o

Combining form (CF) for black

melan/o

Combining form (CF) for blue

cyan/o

Combining form (CF) for yellow

xanth/o

Combining form (CF) for unknown or peculiar

id-i/o

Combining form (CF) for internal organs

viscer/o

Adhesion

An abnormal fibrous band binding tissues that are normally separated.

Inflammation

A body defense against injury and disease characterized by redness, heat, swelling, and pain.

Febrile

Feverish; pertaining to a fever.

Morbid

Diseased; unhealthy.

Sepsis

The presence of pathogens in blood or other tissues.

Suppurative

Producing or pertaining to the generation of pus.

Electrocardiography (ECG)

The recording of electrical impulses generated in the heart, sometimes tracked for $24$ hours using a Holter monitor.

Auscultation

Listening to the heart, lungs, and bowel with or without a stethoscope to assess sounds.

Inspection

General observation of the patient as a whole, progressing to specific body areas.

Palpation

Gentle application of hands to a structure to determine size, consistency, texture, symmetry, and tenderness.

Percussion

Tapping a body structure with the hands or fingers to assess consistency and fluid presence.

Spirometry

A pulmonary function test measuring the volume and flow of air into and out of the lungs.

Anastomosis

Surgical joining of $2$ ducts, vessels, or bowel segments to allow flow from one to the other.

Biopsy

The removal of a representative sample of tissue, blood, or body fluid for evaluation.

Endoscopy

Visual examination of an organ or cavity using an endoscope.

Positron emission tomography (PET)

The use of a radioactive tracer to identify areas of increased or decreased metabolic activity; useful for detecting tumors or diseases like Alzheimer disease.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)

The use of radio waves and strong magnets to produce multiplanar, cross-sectional images with exceptional detail of soft tissues.

Computed tomography (CT)

The use of a narrow beam of x-rays rotating in a full arc around the patient to acquire multiple views interpreted by a computer.