Personality Psychology: Humanistic, Big Five Traits & Assessments

What does the humanistic perspective focus on?

How healthy people develop.

Who studied healthy, creative, and productive individuals like Einstein and Roosevelt?

Abraham Maslow.

What characteristics did Maslow find shared among healthy individuals?

Open, creative, loving, spontaneous, compassionate, concerned for others, accepting of self.

What concept did Carl Rogers link personality to?

Self-concept (thoughts and feelings about ourselves).

What are the two types of self according to Carl Rogers?

Ideal self (the person you would like to be) and real self (the person you actually are).

What is congruence in the context of personality?

The similarity between thoughts about the ideal self and the real self.

What is the result of high congruence?

Greater sense of self-worth and a healthy, productive life.

What is the result of incongruence?

Difficulty adapting and potential for developing a disorder.

What is the Five-Factor Model also known as?

The Big Five.

What does 'Openness' in the Five-Factor Model refer to?

Willingness to try new things and be open to new experiences.

What characterizes 'Conscientiousness' in the Five-Factor Model?

Care a person gives to organization and thoughtfulness of others; dependability.

What is 'Extraversion' in the context of personality traits?

One's need to be with other people; categorized into extraverts and introverts.

What does 'Agreeableness' measure in personality?

Emotional style ranging from easygoing and friendly to grumpy and unpleasant.

What does 'Neuroticism' indicate in personality traits?

Degree of emotional instability or stability.

What is the assumption of trait-situation interaction?

Particular circumstances of a given situation will influence how a trait is expressed.

What characteristics adaptions are influenced by?

self-concept, cultural norms, life events, social interactions, and persistent, heritable traits.

What does cross-cultural research show about the Big Five personality traits?

The Big Five traits are found in many cultures around the world.

What is the purpose of personality testing?

To screen applicants for employment, assess psychological disorders, and in legal cases.

What is a Self-Report Inventory?

An objective test to assess personality using multiple-choice tests or numbered scales.

What is the Minnesota Multiphasic Personality Inventory (MMPI)?

One of the most widely used personality inventories, originally developed to diagnose psychological disorders.

How many questions does the latest version of MMPI (MMPI-2-RF) have?

338 questions.

MMPI: What are the 10 clinical scales?

Hypochondriasis, depression, hysteria, psychopathic deviance, masculinity vs femininity, paranoia, psychasthenia (obsessive/compulsive qualities), schizophrenia, hypomania, and social introversion,

What are projective tests in personality assessment?

Assessments that present ambiguous visual stimuli and ask clients to respond with whatever comes to mind.

What is the Rorschach inkblot test?

A projective test that uses 10 inkblots as ambiguous stimuli.

What does the Thematic Apperception Test (TAT) use as stimuli?

20 pictures of people in ambiguous situations as the visual stimuli.