Unit 8 infection and disease Microbiology

What does having a disease mean

Body in abnormal state where it cannot carry on normal functions

What are pathogens

Disease causing microbes

What is Etiology

Study of the cause of disease

Where is Commensals located

Skin mouth Urinary tract and genital tract

Why is commensals concentration important

because it is normal flora, too mcuh can cause issues

What does Sporadic disease mean

Disease occurs occasionally in the population

What does Endemic mean

Disease is constantly in a population

What does Epidemic mean

Many people in the given area acquire the disease in a short period of time

What does Pandemic mean

Its a worldwide epidemic (like covid-19)

What is a Acute severity level disease

Disease develops rapidly but only lasts a short time (the flu)

What is a Chronic level disease

Disease develops slowly but it is continual and lasts a long time

What is a subacute level disease

Disease that is intermediate inbetween acute and chronic

What is a Latent level disease

Disease remains inactive for a long time but then becomes active (like HSV)

What is a localized infection

Microbes limited to a certain area

What is an example of a localized infection

Boils or abscesses

What are generalized or Systemic infections

Microbes spread via the blood & lymphatic system

What is an example of a Generalized or systemic infection

Measles

How do measles spread through the body

Via the blood and lymphatic system

What are Focal infections

Infection starts as local then becomes generalized

What is a primary infection

The infection that causes the initial illness

What are secondary infections

Infection caused by an opportunist microbe because the body is weakened from the initial illness

What does Nosocomial infection mean

A hospital acquired infection

What infections are commonly Nosocomial (hospital acquired)

GI, RT,UTI through catheters, surgical site infections, and central line infections

What types of microbes usually cause Nosocomial infections

E.coli, staph/strep, Pseudomonas, and C.difficles

What does Bacteremia mean

Bacteria is in blood

What does Septicemia (sepsis) mean

Pathogens multiply in blood (blood poising)

What does Toxemia mean

Toxins are in blood

What is an example of a Toxemia infection

Tetanus

What is A Viremia infection

Viruses are in blood

What is a Pyemia infection

Pus forming microbes are in blood

What is the period of incubation

The interval between initial infection and appearance of signs/symptoms

What period is the infection most severe

Period of Invasion

What happens during the prodromal syndrome period

You get early, mild symptoms

What period does your body recover and regains strength

Period of Convalescence

What is the period of Acme or Fastigium

signs and symptoms reach their peak intensity and maximum severity

What are Emerging Infectious Diseases (EIDs)

New or changing disease

What are examples of EIDs

E.coli, HCV, HIV, Ebola

What is Commensalism

long term symbiosis where only one species benefits while the other one isn’t helped nor harmed

What type of symbiosis do most normal flora represent

Commensalism

What does the Cell Wall M protein do

Help microbes attach to host and resist WBC’s

What does the Cell wall waxy layer do

Help resist phagocyte digestion

What exoenzyme production

When a protein is synthesized inside a cell then secreted to function outside the cell membrane

What is Hemolysins

Protein created that breaks down RBC’s

What is Leukocidins

bacterial exotoxins that break down WBC’s

What does Coagulase do

Coagulates the blood protein (fibrinogen) to produce blood clots

What coagulates the blood protein fibrinogen

Coagulase

What microbe produces Coagulase

Staphylococcus sp

What is Kinase

Enzymes that dissolve blood clots

What microbe produces Hyaluronidase

Clostridium sp

What is Hyaluronidase

Enzymes that break down hyaluronic acid to increase tissue permeability

What does Immunoglobulin A Proteases do

Enzyme that digests IgA and Disables body mucosal immune defenses

What microbes produce Immunoglobulin A Proteases

H. influenzae and S. pneumoniae

What type of toxins affect Intestinal tissue

Enterotoxins

What happens when a Toxoid is injected into a huamn

The human will make antibodies

What do vaccines do

Prevent disease

What causes Diptheria

Cytotoxins produced Cornyebacterium diphtheriae

What does Diptheria damage

heart tissue and nerve cells

What causes scarlet fever

Streptococcus Pyogenes

What is scarlet fever

A erythrogenic toxin

What symptoms does scarlet fever cause

A red skin rash

What type of toxin is Botulism

A neurotoxin

What does botulism do

Prevents the release of Acetylcholine

How is botulism treated

Antitoxin

What causes botulism

The exotoxin of Clostridium botulinum

What causes Cholera

The enterotoxin of Vibrio Cholera

What does Cholera cause

Severe diarrhea, stools look like rice water

What does Tetanus (lockjaw) cause

uncontrollable skeletal muscle contractions

What microbe produces the neurotoxin for tetanus (lockjaw)

Clostridium tetani

What is the only type of bacteria endotoxins can be produced by

Gram negative bacteria

When are Endotoxins released

When bacteria undergoes lyses (dies)

When are exotoxins released

While bacteria are alive or when they undergo lysis (dies)

What type of bacteria can produce exotoxins

Both gram negative and gram positive bacteria

What is the size of the lethal dose for exotoxins

small

Is the lethal dose size larger for Endotoxins or Exotoxins

Endotoxins

What type of toxin can NOT be converted into toxoids/ make antitoxins

Endotoxins

What type of toxin has no antitoxins

Endotoxins

What type of toxin can be converted into toxoids/ make antitoxins

Exotoxins

What type of toxin can withstand high temperatures

Endotoxins

What type of toxin can NOT withstand high temperatures

Exotoxins

What is an example of a Endotoxin

Typhoid fever

How is Typhoid fever treated

Treat symptoms until the endotoxin breaks down