structure and composition of cells

cytoskeleton func.

important for transport and cell organisation

cell shape and movement

what is cytosol

aq. gel surrounding membrane bound organelles

contains : small, large molecules, macromolecular complexes

enantiomers importance?

cell signalling

alkyl neutral a.a.s

• glycine

• alanine

• valine

• leucine

• isoleucine

alkyl neutral a.a. side chains are…

non- polar

hydrophobic

C, H specific

hydroxyl a.a. side chains are…

small, polar

hydroxyl a.a.

• serine

• threonine

acidic & amide a.a. side chains are…

polar

carboxyl gps.

acidic and amide a.a.

• aspartic acid

• glutamic acid

• asparagine

• glutamine

basic a.a. side chains are…

polar, large

basic a.a.

• lysine

• arginine

sulfur a.a. side chains are…

vry reactive

specific bonds

sulfur a.a.

• cysteine

• methionine

aromatic a.a. side chains are…

cyclic structure

aromatic a.a.

• phenylalanine

• tyrosine

• histidine

• tryptophan

Imino acid

non polar

phenylketonuria

phenylalanine → melanin

accumulation

nerve system damage

musty urine damage

hypopigmentation

simple treatment

lactose intolerance

lactase deficiency

unabsorbed sugars in intestinal lumen

fluid build up

microbiome breaks down

unabsorbable monosaccharides

symptoms: nausea, bloating, abdominal pain, eczema

pompe disease

mutations in enzyme acid alpha-glucosidase (GAA)

glycogen cant break down

causes loss of activity

early onset: feeding problems, muscle weakness

late onset: progressive muscle weakness, death

treatment: enzyme replacement therapy