Social And Cultural Developments in 19th and 20th Century Africa: Christianity, Islam and African Independent Churches

Flashcards covering the factors promoting and inhibiting the spread of Christianity, Islam, and African Independent Churches (AICs) in 19th and 20th century Africa.

What percentage of modern Africa identified as Christian by the 20th century?

$$49\%$$

How were early Portuguese Catholic missionaries, such as the Jesuits, funded in Africa?

They were funded, at least in part, by the Portuguese government.

Why did King Moshoeshoe welcome French missionaries into Lesotho in 1833?

He knew that having them in his kingdom would bring protection from the French government against other enemies.

Approximately how many Christian missionaries were in Africa during the "Scramble for Africa" (1880–1900), and where was their presence largest?

There were between $6{,}000$ and $10{,}000$ missionaries, with the largest presence in French, Belgian, and Portuguese colonies.

At its peak, how many missionaries did Christian churches maintain in Africa, and when did this figure peak?

There were $50{,}000$ to $60{,}000$ missionaries, with numbers peaking after World War II.

Which two Christian missions brought western-style education to Ghana in 1828 and 1835, and what percentage of youth did they reach?

The Basel Mission (beginning in 1828) and the Wesleyan Mission (beginning in 1835), which provided western-style education to about $8\%$ of the youth.

Which African leaders used missionary-based early education as a foundation to study in the US and Europe?

Kwame Nkrumah of Ghana and Leopold Sedar Senghor of Senegal.

What are three early missionary hospitals established in Africa and their opening years?

Mengo Hospital in Uganda (1897), Kole Bu in Ghana (1924), and Agogo Presbyterian Hospital in Ghana (1931).

What social practices did missionary churches oppose in Africa to reduce the oppression of women?

Child marriage, polygamy, and female genital mutilation.

What progressive cause was advocated by British missionary David Livingstone in southern and central Africa during the 1840s?

The abolition of slavery.

Who established a Quaker mission in Kenya in 1902, and what principles defined Quaker beliefs?

American Quaker William Hotchkiss; Quakers held a strict stance against both war and slavery.

When was Liberia founded, by which organization, and when did it gain independence?

Liberia was founded in 1822 by the American Colonization Society for freed slaves, achieving independence in 1847.

Which two African churches are among the earliest forms of Christianity, existing long before European colonialism?

The Ethiopian Orthodox Church and the Egyptian Coptic Church.

What 1888 event initiated the African Independent Churches (AIC) movement?

The Native African Baptist Church broke away from the International Baptist Church.

What church was founded in 1921 by Simon Kimbangu in the Belgian Congo?

The Kimbaguist church, which sought to resist colonialism, offer healing, and challenge racial inequality.

Which African Independent Church helped organize the Mau Mau uprising (1952–1960) in Kenya?

The African Independent Pentecostal Church of Africa.

To which areas was French Catholic influence largely restricted after French settlement in Senegal began in 1657?

The Four Communes: Dakar, Rufisque, Goree, and Saint Louis.

What were the religious demographic percentages across Africa by the year 2000?

Africa was $42\%$ Muslim and $47\%$ Christian.

When was the word of God first revealed to Muhammad, and what are the Five Pillars of Islam?

It was first revealed in 610 CE; the Five Pillars are prayer, fasting, giving to the poor, going on pilgrimage, and the profession of faith.

How did Emperor Mansa Musa of Mali contribute to Islamic infrastructure during his pilgrimage to Mecca in 1324–1325?

Traveling with a gold-drenched entourage, he built a mosque in every city he stopped in on a Friday.

Which West African tribes facilitated the spread of Islam along trade routes alongside Arab traders seeking salt and gold?

The Jula, Hausa, and Jakankhe.

Who established the Sokoto Caliphate in West Africa, and what was its lifespan?

It was founded by Usman dan Fodio and lasted from 1804 to 1903.

Which Islamic brotherhood organized armed resistance against French and Italian colonialism in Libya, Niger, and Chad?

The Sanusiyya Brotherhood, established in the 1840s–1850s, which resisted the Italian invasion of Libya between 1911 and 1931.

Where and when was the first madrasa in Africa established?

In Morocco in 859 CE.

What educational milestone was established in East Africa in 1905 by Sir Sultan Mahomed Shah Aga Khan III?

He laid the foundation to establish the first school in Zanzibar.

Who founded the Tijaniyya Sufi order, and how large was its Nigerian following by the 1980s?

Sheikh Ahmed Tijani founded it in Algeria in the 18th century, and by the 1980s it had $10\text{ million}$ followers in Nigeria alone.

Who founded the Mouride Brotherhood in Senegal in 1883?

Sheikh Amadou Bamba Mbacké (1853–1927), who engaged in non-violent resistance to French colonial rule.

What are key characteristics and demographics of Wahhabism/Salafism in modern Africa?

It is an Islamic fundamentalist reform movement funded by forces in Saudi Arabia that preaches against African mysticism; up to $20\%$ of modern African Muslims are Wahhabist.

What armed rebellion did Priest John Chilembwe organize in Malawi in 1915?

An uprising against colonial authority protesting the hut tax and unfair labor practices, attacking estates and armouries.

How did Black American churches, such as the African Methodist Episcopal (AME) Church, support African Christianity between 1877 and the 1900s?

They sent at least 76 missionaries to West and South Africa, bringing Booker T Washington's philosophy of industrial education (modeled on the Tuskegee Institute) to promote self-help and self-improvement.

What non-political, theological motivations contributed to the growth of African Independent Churches?

The continuation of the Protestant tradition of schism, combined with the desire for a theology that integrated an African worldview, mystical spirituality, and traditional practices such as polygamy.