APUSH Period 4.1: Jeffersonian Democracy

Revolution of 1800

Electoral victory of Democratic-Republicans over the Federalists, marking a peaceful transfer of power.

President Thomas Jefferson

Third U.S. President who promoted agrarianism, expanded the nation via the Louisiana Purchase, and reduced federal debt.

John Marshall

Chief Justice of the Supreme Court whose landmark decisions strengthened the power of the federal government and judicial branch.

Marbury v. Madison, 1803

Supreme Court case that established the principle of judicial review.

judicial review

The power of the Supreme Court to declare laws or executive actions unconstitutional.

impeachment of Samuel Chase

Attempt by Jeffersonian Republicans to remove a Federalist Supreme Court Justice; failed and preserved judicial independence.

McCulloch v. Maryland, 1819

Supreme Court ruling that confirmed the implied powers of Congress and ruled states cannot tax federal entities.

Gibbons v. Ogden, 1824

Supreme Court ruling that affirmed federal authority over interstate commerce.

Daniel Webster

Nationalist statesman and orator who strongly opposed states' rights and defended federal power and union.

Haitian Rebellion

Successful slave revolt led by Toussaint L'Ouverture that created Haiti and prompted Napoleon to sell Louisiana.

Toussaint L'Ouverture

Leader of the Haitian Revolution whose victories defeated French forces in Saint-Domingue.

Louisiana Purchase

1803 land deal between the U.S. and France that doubled the size of the United States.

Lewis and Clark Expedition

Journey commissioned by Jefferson to explore and map the newly acquired Louisiana Territory to the Pacific.

Sacagawea

Native American Shoshone woman who served as an interpreter and guide for the Lewis and Clark Expedition.

Napoleonic Wars

Series of major global conflicts involving Napoleon's French Empire that severely impacted American maritime trade.

impressment

British practice of forcibly taking American sailors and forcing them into service in the Royal Navy.

Chesapeake-Leopard Affair

1807 naval conflict where a British ship attacked an American frigate, heightening anti-British sentiment in the U.S.

Embargo Act

1807 law prohibiting all American exports, intended to punish Britain and France but economically devastated the U.S.

President James Madison

Fourth U.S. President who led the nation through the War of 1812.

War Hawks

Young nationalist congressmen (led by Clay and Calhoun) who urged war with Britain in 1812.

Henry Clay

Kentucky politician known as the 'Great Compromiser' who advocated for the American System.

John C. Calhoun

South Carolina politician and War Hawk who became a leading proponent of states' rights and nullification.

Battle of Tippecanoe

1811 victory by William Henry Harrison over Tecumseh's confederacy forces.

Shawnee Confederation

Alliance of Native American tribes organized by Tecumseh to resist U.S. westward expansion.

Tecumseh

Shawnee chief who organized a widespread Native American confederacy to resist American expansion.

The Prophet (Tenskwatawa)

Shawnee religious leader and brother of Tecumseh who inspired a spiritual movement against white assimilation.

William Henry Harrison

U.S. military officer who defeated Native forces at Tippecanoe and later became the ninth U.S. President.

War of 1812

Conflict between the U.S. and Britain caused by trade restrictions, impressment, and British support of Native resistance.

Francis Scott Key, Star Spangled Banner

Poet who wrote the national anthem after witnessing the bombardment of Fort McHenry during the War of 1812.

Andrew Jackson

General during the War of 1812 who became a national hero at the Battle of New Orleans and later seventh U.S. President.

Battle of Horseshoe Bend

1814 victory led by Andrew Jackson effectively ending the Creek War.

Battle of New Orleans

Final major battle of the War of 1812, led by Andrew Jackson, resulting in a decisive American victory after peace was signed.

Treaty of Ghent

1814 treaty that ended the War of 1812, restoring pre-war boundaries without resolving major trade issues.

Hartford Convention

Meeting of New England Federalists who voiced opposition to the War of 1812, leading to the party's ultimate downfall.

American System

Economic plan proposed by Henry Clay featuring protective tariffs, a national bank, and internal improvements.

Second National Bank (BUS)

Chartered in 1816 to stabilize national currency and manage federal funds following the financial strain of the War of 1812.

Tariff of 1816

First explicitly protective tariff in U.S. history, designed to protect American manufacturing from British competition.

Internal Improvements

Federal funding for infrastructure projects such as roads, canals, and turnpikes.

Era of Good Feelings

Period of national unity and single-party dominance (Democratic-Republicans) during James Monroe's presidency.

James Monroe

Fifth U.S. President whose tenure featured the Era of Good Feelings, Missouri Compromise, and Monroe Doctrine.

Tallmadge Amendment

Proposal to prohibit further introduction of slaves into Missouri and gradually free enslaved children; sparked sectional controversy.

Missouri Compromise

1820 agreement admitting Missouri as a slave state, Maine as a free state, and banning slavery north of 36°30' parallel.

Panic of 1819

First major peacetime financial crisis in the U.S., caused by land speculation and contraction of bank credit.

Florida Purchase Treaty

1819 treaty (Adams-Onís Treaty) in which Spain ceded Florida to the United States.

First Seminole War

1816-1818 conflict where Andrew Jackson invaded Spanish Florida to fight Seminoles and runaway slaves.

Monroe Doctrine

1823 foreign policy declaring that European powers should not interfere or colonize in the Western Hemisphere.

John Quincy Adams

Secretary of State under Monroe who drafted the Monroe Doctrine and later served as the sixth U.S. President.

Davy Crockett

Folk hero, frontiersman, and politician from Tennessee who died defending the Alamo.

Noah Webster

American lexicographer who standardized American English with his speller and dictionary.

McGuffey Readers

Widely used 19th-century school textbooks that taught reading alongside patriotic and moral values.

Knickerbocker Group

New York-based group of writers who helped pioneer a distinct, national American literature.

James Fenimore Cooper

Early American novelist famous for frontier adventure stories like The Last of the Mohicans.

Washington Irving

Famous American author known for short stories like Rip Van Winkle and The Legend of Sleepy Hollow.

William Cullen Bryant

Poet and newspaper editor known for his nature poetry and romantic literary style.

Henry Wadsworth Longfellow

Popular American fireside poet who wrote famous works like Paul Revere's Ride.

Transcendentalism

Philosophical and literary movement emphasizing intuition, individualism, self-reliance, and nature's divinity.

Romanticism

19th-century artistic and intellectual movement emphasizing emotion, individualism, nature, and imagination over reason.

Ralph Waldo Emerson

Leading Transcendentalist philosopher, essayist, and lecturer who championed self-reliance and individualism.

Henry David Thoreau

Transcendentalist author known for Walden and his essay Civil Disobedience.

Walt Whitman

Transcendentalist poet known for his groundbreaking poetry collection Leaves of Grass.

Monticello

Thomas Jefferson's self-designed estate in Virginia, reflecting neoclassical architectural design.

John Trumbull

American artist famous for his historical paintings depicting key events of the American Revolution.

Hudson River School

Group of American landscape painters whose work focused on the romantic beauty of American wilderness.

Thomas Cole

Founder of the Hudson River School, known for his dramatic landscapes and allegorical painting series.

Asher Durand

Prominent landscape painter of the Hudson River School known for detailed portrayals of nature.