PPC L4-L6

Popular Culture

Practices, beliefs, objects, and phenomena that are dominant or widespread in society at a given time

Mass Media

Channels of communication designed to reach a large audience, including television, radio, film, print, and digital platforms

Functions of Mass Media

Mass media informs the public through news and education, entertains through drama, comedy, and reality shows, socializes people into cultural norms, and serves as a watchdog of society

Print Media

Newspapers, magazines, and comics that serve as forms of mass media, including Liwayway and the Philippine Daily Inquirer

Broadcast Media

Radio and television forms of mass media, including radio dramas, AM and FM programs, teleseryes, and variety shows

Film

A form of mass media represented by Filipino cinema, ranging from socially conscious films to mainstream romantic comedies

Music

A form of mass media and cultural expression represented by Original Pilipino Music or OPM

Digital Media

Online forms of mass media including social networking sites, blogs, podcasts, and platforms such as Facebook, TikTok, and YouTube

Hybrid

A characteristic of Philippine popular culture that combines indigenous traditions with foreign influences such as Spanish, American, Japanese, and Korean influences

Mass Oriented

A characteristic of Philippine popular culture that is intended for a wide audience rather than an elite group

Commercialized

A characteristic of popular culture that is driven by advertising and consumerism

Evolving

A characteristic of popular culture that continuously adapts to global trends and new technologies

Television Shows

Major forms of Philippine popular culture that include teleseryes, noontime variety shows, and reality shows

Film and Celebrities

A major form of Philippine popular culture in which love teams dominate popular entertainment while independent films receive critical recognition

Music in Popular Culture

A major form of Philippine popular culture represented by OPM icons and influenced by global music such as K pop

Sports and Icons

A form of popular culture involving sports figures and national icons, with Manny Pacquiao serving as an example of a major national figure

Comics and Literature

A form of popular culture involving characters such as Darna and Panday as well as graphic novels such as Trese

Digital Pop Culture

Online popular culture involving viral memes, TikTok challenges, vlogging, and online fandoms

Agenda Setting Function

The function of media in deciding what becomes trending and what deserves public attention through hashtags, viral videos, and television ratings

Celebrity Culture

The Filipino star system in which actors, actresses, beauty queens, and influencers influence ideals of success, beauty, and lifestyle

Nation Building

The role of media in reinforcing Filipino values such as pakikipagkapwa, bayanihan, and resilience while also exposing Filipinos to global ideas that contribute to hybrid identities

Colonial Mentality and Cultural Imperialism

The issue in which overconsumption of Western or Korean media can sometimes overshadow local content

Commercialization

The issue in which media may prioritize profit over artistic or social value

Stereotyping

The use of simplified or repeated portrayals that can reinforce gender roles, class divisions, and regional biases in teleseryes and films

Digital Divide

The unequal access to digital technology and the internet that results in unequal participation in digital popular culture

Korean Wave or Hallyu

The strong influence of Korean dramas and K pop on Filipino youth culture, including fashion, music, and language

Streaming Platforms

Services such as Netflix, Viu, and iWant that have changed how audiences consume media content

Social Media Influencers

Bloggers and vloggers who have become modern popular culture icons

Political Pop Culture

The use of memes and online campaigns that influence political discourse

Philippine Popular Culture and Mass Media

Philippine popular culture is both a reflection and a product of mass media, with media shaping values, identities, aspirations, and cultural experiences while adapting global influences

Critical Engagement

Understanding mass media and popular culture in order to engage with media and its cultural effects thoughtfully

Cinema and Music in Popular Culture

Cinema and music are powerful forms of mass entertainment that reflect Filipino values, struggles, and aspirations while serving as platforms for creativity, resistance, and identity building

Early Beginnings of Philippine Cinema

The first moving pictures were shown in Manila in 1897 by Spanish entrepreneurs, and Philippine cinema later developed through Filipino produced films

José Nepomuceno

Known as the Father of Philippine Movies and the director of the first Filipino produced feature film, Dalagang Bukid, in 1919

Golden Age of Philippine Cinema

The period from the 1950s to the 1970s when studios such as LVN Pictures, Sampaguita, and Premiere flourished

Second Golden Age of Philippine Cinema

The period during the 1970s and 1980s when Martial Law influenced Philippine filmmaking and films became more socially critical, with filmmakers such as Lino Brocka and Ishmael Bernal raising the status of Philippine cinema

Contemporary Philippine Cinema

The period from the 1990s to the present characterized by the rise of love teams, the independent film movement, and increased international recognition

Independent Film Movement

A movement supported by festivals and platforms such as Cinemalaya, Cinema One Originals, and QCinema that provides opportunities for independent filmmakers and films

International Recognition

The growing recognition of Filipino filmmakers and films internationally, including the work of Lav Diaz, Brillante Mendoza, and Raya Martin

Teleserye to Film Crossovers

The adaptation of popular television stories into movies

Love Teams and Celebrity Culture

A central element of Filipino cinema and fandom in which popular celebrity pairings attract large and dedicated audiences

Action Genre

A popular Filipino film genre associated with the legacy of Fernando Poe Jr.

Romantic Comedy Genre

A film genre commonly associated with hugot and kilig themes

Horror Genre

A film genre represented by movies such as Feng Shui and The Healing

Fantasy and Komiks Based Films

A film category based on fantasy stories and comic book characters such as Darna and Panday

Cinema as a Mirror of Society

The role of Philippine cinema in depicting class struggles, migration, corruption, family ties, and resilience while reinforcing values such as bayanihan, faith, and sacrifice

Precolonial Filipino Music

Music rooted in indigenous chants, gong ensembles such as kulintang, and ritual songs

Spanish Period Music

Music influenced by Spanish colonization, including church hymns, kundiman, and harana

American Period Music

Music influenced by American culture, including jazz and rock, which later contributed to the development of OPM influenced by Western pop

Original Pilipino Music or OPM

Filipino popular music that developed as an important form of cultural expression, reflecting Filipino experiences and influences from different periods, with major developments during the 1970s and 1980s

OPM Golden Era

The period during the 1970s and 1980s when Filipino popular music flourished through artists and groups such as Freddie Aguilar, Hotdog, Manila Sound, Apo Hiking Society, and Sharon Cuneta

Pinoy Rock

A Filipino rock music movement that became prominent during the 1990s through bands such as Eraserheads, Rivermaya, and Parokya ni Edgar

2000s to Present Filipino Pop

The period of Filipino popular music represented by pop artists and hugot music, including artists such as Regine Velasquez, Sarah Geronimo, Moira Dela Torre, and Ben and Ben

Filipino Rap and Hip Hop

A form of Filipino popular music represented by artists such as Francis Magalona, who incorporated nationalism, and Gloc 9

Love Teams and Soundtracks

The connection between popular celebrity pairings and songs associated with teleseryes and films

Karaoke Culture

A popular Filipino cultural practice in which homes and other spaces become places for performing songs

Concert Culture

The culture surrounding live musical performances, including mall shows, international tours, and online performances through platforms such as YouTube

Digital Shift in Filipino Music

The transformation of music exposure through digital platforms such as Spotify, TikTok, and YouTube, which have made Filipino music more accessible

Global Influence on Filipino Music

The influence of global music and culture on Filipino artists, fashion, dance, and fandoms

International Filipino Artists

Filipino artists who have gained international attention, including Lea Salonga, Arnel Pineda, and Olivia Rodrigo

Interconnection of Cinema and Music

The relationship between film and music in which soundtracks promote OPM, movie stars may enter music, singers may enter acting, and both reinforce celebrity culture and fan driven economies

Commercialization in Cinema and Music

The tendency to prioritize box office success or viral hits over artistic quality

Cultural Imperialism in Cinema and Music

The influence and dominance of foreign entertainment such as Hollywood and K pop over local content

Piracy and Streaming

Economic challenges faced by the Philippine film and music industries due to piracy and changes brought by streaming

Representation in Cinema and Music

The issue of stereotyping, class bias, gender roles, and lack of diversity in film and music

Indie Films and Music

Independent films and music that provide opportunities for independent voices through platforms such as Cinemalaya and Spotify

Social Media Virality

The spread of songs, movie clips, and other entertainment content through platforms such as TikTok and Facebook

Cross Cultural Collaborations

Projects involving Filipino artists and artists from other countries, including Korean and American collaborations

Political and Protest Music and Films

Socially conscious music and films created in response to political and social conditions

Cinema and Music as Identity

Cinema and music serve as vehicles for Filipino identity, resistance, and cultural pride while reflecting creativity, resilience, and cultural hybridity

Cultural Heritage

Filipino cinema and OPM help preserve and continuously develop Filipino cultural heritage in the context of globalization

Sex

Biological differences between men and women, particularly biological and anatomical characteristics and sex organs that distinguish them

Gender

A socially constructed concept involving the feelings, roles, and identities that society attributes to males and females

Gender Identity

A person's personal conception of themselves as male or female, shaped by intrinsic and environmental factors

Gender Role

The outward expression of gender identity observed through behavior, attitude, and appearance

Gender Stratification

A social category involving the separation and ranking of people by gender, where men typically occupy higher statuses

Functionalist Perspective

A perspective on gender stratification associated with Talcott Parsons and Robert Bates that views distinct roles for men and women as necessary for the survival of the family and society

Instrumental Task Specialist

The role assigned to men in the functionalist perspective, involving task oriented functions

Expressive Social and Emotional Specialist

The role assigned to women in the functionalist perspective, involving social and emotional functions

Conflict Perspective

A perspective that explains gender differences through politics, economics, and interpersonal power, with male dominance connected to the division of labor in the family and workplace

Division of Labor

The separation of work and responsibilities between men and women that the conflict perspective identifies as a root of male dominance

Male Dominance

A condition in which men hold greater power and control over women, supported by women's dependence on men

Marx and Engels Perspective

The view that marriage in capitalist and industrial societies further institutionalizes male dominance because men control property as the head of the family

Feminist Perspective

A perspective that advocates equal treatment and equal rights and argues that women can gain control over their individuality despite perceptions of powerlessness

Feminist Theory

A theory commonly associated with feminism that seeks to address inequality and the position of women in society

Mary Wollstonecraft

A figure considered the founder of feminist theory who wrote A Vindication of the Rights of Women in 1794

First Wave Feminism

The nineteenth century wave of feminism that focused on women's suffrage

Second Wave Feminism

The period from the 1960s to the 1980s that focused on equal access

Third Wave Feminism

The period from the 1990s to the present that focuses on global equality

Liberal Feminism

A feminist approach that identifies women's oppression in social, political, and legal restrictions and advocates equal opportunities in the workplace, politics, and education

Socialist Feminism

A feminist approach that argues capitalism should be eliminated in order to achieve gender equality

Marxist Socialist Feminism

A feminist approach that argues true freedom is impossible, especially for women, within a class based society

Radical Libertarian Feminism

A feminist approach that views oppression as rooted in reproductive capabilities and sexual roles and advocates total sexual and reproductive freedom and the elimination of the patriarchal system

Radical Cultural Feminism

A feminist approach that views women's ability to create new life as an ultimate power and advocates freedom from institutions, societies, and cultures that exercise compulsory heterosexuality

Multicultural Feminism

A feminist approach that argues gender equality can sometimes become a tool for oppression rather than freedom

Global Feminism

A feminist approach focused on the universal interests of women worldwide

Post Modern Feminism

A feminist approach that challenges Western dualistic thinking

Ecofeminism

A feminist approach that connects humans to the non human world and views the liberation of women as connected to greater liberation of life on Earth

Third Sex

A gender identity different from men and women that, according to the lesson, emerged around 1700 AD in England and was gradually recognized in various societies

LGBTQIA Community

A loosely defined community involving third sex, homosexuals, and LGBT organizations and subcultures united by shared culture, beliefs, and social movements