US HISTORY 2

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Constitutional Convention

A historic meting held in Philadelphia, Pennsylvania in 1787 where 12 states gathered to create a new framework of government for the US

Constitution

Created in 1787 and put into operation in 1789, replacing the Articles of Confederation

Bill of Rights

The name for the first 10 amendments to the US Constitution. Ratified in 1791

Freedom of assembly

Fundamental right to gather peacefully in public or private spaces to express, promote, and defend their ideas

Freedom of speech

Fundamental principle that protects an individuals or community’s right to express opinions, ideas, and information without government censorship, retaliation, or legal sanction

Federalists

Supporters of the US Constitution, supported stronger federal government

Anti-Federalists

Opposed the creation of a stronger federal government, against the ratification of the US Constitution

Jeffersonian Republicans

Created by Thomas Jefferson and James Madison in the 1790s, championed a limited national government, individual liberty, and an agriculture based society.

Land ordinances

Series of laws passed by the Confederation Congress to manage, survey, sell, and govern the vast western territories acquired by the US after the American Revolution.

Indian annuity system

A federal policy where the US government promised regular payments of cash, goods, or supplies to Indigenous nations in exchange for the forced cession of vast traits of land through treaties

Pan-Indianism

A social, political, and cultural movement that promotes unity, shared political goals, and collective identity across diverse and distinct tribal affiliations rather than loyalty solely to individual nations

Cotton Gin

Invented by Eli Whitney in 1973, quickly separates raw cotton fibers from their sticky seeds

Market Revolution

Occurred from the 1800s-1840s, fundamental transformation in the US that shifted the economy from local, self sufficient subsistence farming into a commercial, market-based, and industrialized system

Factories

Mill girls

Young, mostly unmarried women, who worked in textile factories during the early 19th century. Centered in Lowell, Massachusetts

Nativism

A political, social, and economic ideology that favors the interests of established, native born inhabitants over those of immigrants driven by fears that newcomers threaten the nation’s culture, economy, or political system. Favored white people

Corporations

Evolved from public service utilities created by state governments into private, profit maximizing engines for national economic growth

Second Great Awakening

Major Protestant religious revival in the US from the 1790s-1830s

Voluntary society

American tradition of citizens forming non-governmental organizations, mutual aid groups, and civic associations to solve social, economic, and moral problems without relying on the state

New religious movements

Mormonism

Alien Rights & Seditions Act

1798, four laws designed to restrict political opposition and limit the influence of foreign immigrants during the undeclared Quasi-War with France

Election of Jefferson

1800, Democratic-Republican candidate Thomas Jefferson beat Federalist John Adams

Gabriel’s Rebellion

1800, a planned slave revolt in Henrico County, Virginia, organized by Gabriel who was an enslaved literate blacksmith. As a result of the rebellion, a wave of harsh new laws was passed across the South that restricted the lines of both enslaved and free Black people.

Louisiana Purchase

1803, a landmark deal where the US bought 828,000 square miles of territory west of the Mississippi River from France for $15 million

Tecumseh & Pan-Indian resistance

1810, lead a major movement for Indian resistance in the early 19th century to stop white American expansion into Native lands

War of 1812

A military conflict fought between the US and Great Britain, started because of British interference with American shipping and British support for Native American resistance on the US frontier

Missouri Compromise

1820, US federal law that admitted Missouri as a slave state and Maine as a free state, maintaining a political balance of power in Congress

Election of Jackson

1828, Democratic candidate Andrew Jackson defeated the incumbant candidate John Quincy Adams

Indian Removal Bill

1830, authorized the president to negotiate land exchange treaties with Native American tribes living east of the Mississippi River, moving them to designated federal lands in the West in exchange for their ancestral homelands. Settlers and southern states wanted the fertile land for cotton expansion and slavery.

Great Starvation

1845-1851, potato famine in Ireland that resulted in mass immigration of Irish people to the United States. Roughly 1 million people died from starvation

How did territorial expansion and its effects on Americans and Native Americans change over time?

Reshaped the nation for white Americans while nearly destroyed indigenous societies EX: Manifest Destiny resulted in Trail of Tears

How did infrastructure & economic growth change over time?

Transformed from isolated agrarian society to an integrated commercial market economy driven by the transportation revolution and early industrial revolution

How did cotton production & expansion of slavery change over time?

The cotton gin was invented, creating a greater demand for cotton and therefore slavery as it made it more valuable

How did the expansion and contraction of voting rights change over time?

White male suffrage was increased as there was a removal of property qualifications, but this also stripped women and black people of their right to vote due to wording in state constitutions

How did women’s political activity change over time?

Shifted from informal, household-centered civic roles after the revolutionary war to highly organized, public facing moral and institutional reform movements such as the temperance movement

How did immigration trends and American responses to them change over time?

Shifted from protestant western europeans to a large influx of German and Irish immigrants. Resulted in widespread cultural and religious nativism

How did trends in criminal punishment change over time?

Moved away from public, physical, and capital punishments towards long term incarceration aimed at moral reform and deterrence

How did ideas about liberty, freedom, and political participation change over time?

Shifted from a restrictive property based "framework led by elites to an expansive populist “Jacksonian democracy” that championed universal white male suffrage. However, as political power expanded for white men, it grew increasingly restrictive for women, enslaved people, and Native Americans.