Histology, Connective Tissue, and Bone Structure

part 1

What is histology?

Study of the tissues

Define anatomy.

The study of the structure of the body

Define physiology.

Study of the function of the body

What are the four major categories of body tissues?

Muscle, nervous, epithelial, connective

What are the levels of organization from smallest to largest?

Cell, tissue, organ, organ system, organism

What is a tissue?

A group of cells with similar structures, working together to perform a similar function

What is the main function of epithelial tissue?

To form boundaries in the body

Where is epithelial tissue found?

Outer layer of skin, lining of the stomach/urinary bladder

Where would you NOT expect to find epithelial tissue?

Blood or lymph vessels, brain/CNS

What is the difference between the apical and basal surfaces?

Apical is not attached to surrounding tissue; basal is attached to underlying connective tissue

What does squamous mean?

Flat cells

What does cuboidal mean?

Box-like cells

What does columnar mean?

Tall and skinny cells

What does simple mean when describing epithelial tissue?

One layer of cells

What does stratified mean?

Two or more layers of cells

What does pseudostratified mean?

Appears layered, but is only one layer

Which epithelial tissue is specialized for diffusion?

Simple squamous

Which epithelial tissue lines the digestive tract?

Simple columnar

Which epithelial tissue protects against abrasion in areas such as skin, mouth, esophagus, and vagina?

Stratified squamous

Which epithelial tissue lines the urinary bladder and can stretch?

Transitional

Which epithelial tissue is found in the trachea and fallopian tubes and uses cilia to move material?

Pseudostratified columnar

What are three functions of connective tissue?

Binding and support, protection, insulation, transportation

What is mesenchyme?

All develop from the same type of embryonic tissue

What are three major components of connective tissue matrix?

Cells, protein fibers, ground substance

What is ground substance?

Watery, unstructured material that fills the space between cells

Name the three types of connective tissue fibers.

Collagen, elastic, reticular

How do collagen fibers affect tissue properties?

Made of the fibrous protein collagen; tough and strong

How do elastic fibers affect tissue properties?

Made of the protein elastic; stretch and bounce back

How do reticular fibers affect tissue properties?

Made of thinner and shorter collagen fibers; branch to form nets that support your organs

Name the three types of loose connective tissue proper.

Areolar CT, reticular CT, adipose CT

Name the three types of dense connective tissue proper.

Regular CT, irregular CT, elastic CT

What is the difference between loose and dense connective tissue?

Loose has many spaces between fibers of the matrix; dense has few spaces

What is the most common type of connective tissue in the body?

Areolar loose CT

Which connective tissue forms a soft skeleton that supports other cells?

Reticular loose CT

Which connective tissue stores energy, insulates, and cushions organs?

Adipose loose CT

Which connective tissue has closely packed, parallel collagen fibers?

Regular dense CT

Which connective tissue has randomly arranged collagen fibers?

Irregular dense CT

What is the matrix of cartilage like?

Firm ground substance that causes a rigid, rubber-like matrix

Name the three types of cartilage.

Hyaline, elastic, fibro

Which cartilage has many elastic fibers and is found in the external ear and epiglottis?

Elastic cartilage

Which cartilage has a glassy appearance and is the most common type?

Hyaline

Where is hyaline cartilage found?

Articular cartilage at ends of bones, tip of nose costal cartilage

Which cartilage is found in intervertebral discs and the knee and resists compression and tension?

Fibrocartilage

How are chondroblasts different from chondrocytes?

Chondroblasts are immature cartilage cells; chondrocytes are mature cartilage cells

What is plasma?

Liquid part of blood

Which blood cell transports oxygen and carbon dioxide?

Red blood cell

Which blood cell helps clot blood?

Platelet

List four functions of bone.

Support, protection, store calcium, produces blood cells

What makes bone matrix rigid?

Abundant collagen fibers and calcium salts

What type of fibers are abundant in bone matrix?

Collagen

Which bone cell produces new bone matrix?

Osteoblasts

Which cells are mature bone cells?

Osteocytes

What are the layers of a bone's matrix called?

Lamellae

What are the units that make up bone?

Osteons

What are the cavities within bone that house osteocytes?

Lacunae

Where is red marrow stored within a bone?

Spongy bone