Cellular Energy, Photosynthesis, and Cellular Respiration

Practice fill-in-the-blank flashcards reviewing cell energy, ATP structure, photosynthesis, cellular respiration, and fermentation.

All energy on Earth originally comes from the __________.

sun

ATP stands for __________.

adenosine triphosphate

As shown in the structural diagram, an ATP molecule consists of adenine, ribose, and __________.

3 phosphate groups

When the bond between the 2nd and 3rd phosphate groups is broken, energy is released and ATP becomes __________.

adenosine diphosphate (ADP)

Organisms that can make their own food from sunlight are called __________, while heterotrophs must consume other organisms.

autotrophs

In a chloroplast, a single stack of sac-like thylakoids is called a __________.

granum

The fluid space surrounding the thylakoid stacks inside a chloroplast is called the __________.

stroma

Chlorophyll absorbs blue/violet and red light, but reflects __________ light, making leaves appear green.

green and yellow

High-energy electrons are transported between light-dependent and light-independent reactions on the electron carrier __________.

NADP+

The complete balanced equation for photosynthesis is $6\text{CO}_2 + 6\text{H}_2\text{O} \xrightarrow{\text{light, chlorophyll}} \text{C}_6\text{H}_{12}\text{O}_6 + {\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_\_}$.

$$6\text{O}_2$$

In the light-dependent reactions, water molecules are broken apart in a process called __________.

photolysis

Light-dependent reactions take place in the thylakoids, while light-independent reactions occur in the __________.

stroma

The light-independent reactions of photosynthesis are also known as the __________.

Calvin Cycle

Cellular respiration is the process by which all organisms break down __________ to produce ATP.

glucose

When oxygen is available, cellular respiration undergoes aerobic pathways to yield about __________ ATP.

36

In the absence of oxygen, cellular respiration follows anaerobic pathways yielding only __________ ATP.

2

Glycolysis takes place in the cytoplasm, whereas the Krebs Cycle and Electron Transport Chain occur in the __________.

mitochondria

During glycolysis, a glucose molecule is broken down into two molecules of __________.

pyruvic acid

As $\text{H}^+$ ions move back across the mitochondrial membrane, they turn a molecule called __________ to generate large amounts of ATP.

ATP synthase

Fermentation functions to recycle __________ so that glycolysis can continue producing ATP without oxygen.

NAD+

Yeast cells perform alcoholic fermentation, which yields ethyl alcohol and __________.

$$\text{CO}_2$$

In humans, __________ fermentation provides quick energy during short, high-intensity exercises like sprinting.

lactic acid