Unit 4 - Republican Era

Pre-Apush unit 4

The pre-election atmosphere in 1800 was impacted by the _______________(Acts) and created ______ between the political parties.

-Alien and Sedition Acts -tension

The candidates of the 1800 election were:

-John Adams -Thomas Jefferson -Aaron Burr -Charles Pinckney

What political party triumphed in the 1800 election?

Democratic Republicans

What 2 candidates won the same amount of electoral votes in the 1800 election?

Thomas Jefferson & Aaron Burr

Who ended up becoming president in 1800 and why?

-Thomas Jefferson -Alexander Hamilton convinced 2 Federalist judges to vote in favor of Jefferson

The election of 1800 is commonly referred to as the ______, and why?

"Revolution of 1800" -because it marked the transition from the Federalists (only party to hold the presidency at this point) to the Democratic Republicans

What are 2 reasons why the election of 1800 is considered to be a landmark election in American history?

-It is the first peaceful transition of power -revealed a flaw, created 12th amendment (cast separate ballots for president and vice president)

Jefferson loved being president in his first term, but hated being president his second term

Jefferson 1st term government policies:

-wanted politics to be just and moral (above political parties) -replaced Federalists with Dem-Reps in high government positions -believed in a strict interpretation of the constitution -repealed the Judiciary Act -the South now dominated politics while Northern Federalist influence declined

Jefferson 1st term military policies:

-reduced the size of armed forces from 4,000-2,500 -decreased military spending budget (especially Navy)

Jefferson 1st term economy policies:

-strongly supported agriculture -continued assumption of debt and kept the Bank (but reduced its size) -repealed the whiskey tax, eliminated other excise taxes/internal taxes AND took away tariffs on foreign products

Jefferson 1st term domestic policies:

-supported the south and west (stressed equality for all white men) -let the Alien and Sedition Acts expire -Freed those imprisoned for debt and returned fines -made it easier for immigrants to become citizens (2yr residency if white male)

Jefferson 1st term foreign policies:

-maintained posture of neutrality unless directly attached (precedent of Washington)

What was the background on why Marbury vs Madison happened?

-Federalists were going to be the minority power, so Adams wanted to stay in power -Midnight Judges Act (sign in Federalist judges in the last hours of his presidency) -Jefferson (new president) doesn't deliver appointments so Marbury doesn't get commission -Marbury then asked the Supreme Court to give give him his commission under the Writ of Mandamas (under Judiciary Act of 1789)

What was the ruling of Marbury vs Madison?

-declared the law on which Marbury made his claim (Writ of Mandamus) was unconstitutional and therefore refused to order Madision to give Marbury his commission

What was the legal reasoning behind Marbury vs Madison?

the powers of the Supreme Court are set by the Constitution , and Congress did not have the authority to alter them (the Judiciary Act attempted to do that) -No law that goes against the Constitution can be valid

Why did Marbury vs Madison matter?

-part of an ongoing battle between Federalists (such as Adams) and Dem-Reps (led by Jefferson and Madison) -Madison's refusal to deliver Marbury's appointment was part of Jefferson's effort to rid his administration of Federalists -set the precedent of judicial review (plays a vital role in checks and balances)

What is judicial review?

the power of courts to decide whether or not specific laws are valid

Who was chief justice in Marbury vs Madison?

John Marshall

Life of John Marshall:

-laid down a pattern for judicial interpretation (follow the words of the constitution) -rulings were based around Federalist ideas

What was the Louisiana Purchase?

the purchase of French territory from the Mississippi River to the Rocky Mountains

France had given the territory to Spain, but then in a secret treaty they regained the land. Napoleon was going to use the land because…

he envisioned a great French Empire in the new world with Hispaniola as the center (Heidi), but had to abandon the idea and needed money for the war he was facing with Great Britain so he sold the land to the US ($15 million)

The Louisiana Purchase was controversial because…

the constitution did not specifically empower the president to acquire new territory with a treaty (Dem-Reps are supposed to interpret the constitution strictly) (the senate though eventually agreed with Jefferson's decision)

What was the purpose of the Lewis and Clark expedition?

-scientific (creating maps and documenting new plants and animals) -commercial (establishing trade and identifying natural resources) of the new territory from the Louisiana Purchase

Why did the Hamilton-Burr Duel happen?

Burr lost the New York governor election because of Hamilton's opposition (political rivals for 15 years), so he initiated a duel to redeem his reputation and prove himself as a worthy political leader

What was Hamilton at the time of the duel? What was Burr at the time of the duel? (position/job)

-Hamilton: secretary of treasury -Burr: vice president

What did the election of 1804 show?

political parties are not so rigid

What were the Barbary wars?

-North African rulers extorted money from countries who wanted to trade in their waters -American shipping was safe because the British paid the pirates, but now that we were freed of them, we had to pay ourselves (Washington paid, Adams paid) -the leader of Tripoli increased the payment, and Jefferson refused to pay (we don't have the money) -Tripoli declared was on the US so we sent warships there -After 4 years, we negotiated a treaty, for $60,000 captured Americans were released (from the "Philadelphia" boat)

What did the Barbary Wars make Jefferson realize?

-maybe scaling back military wasn't a good idea -he ordered several small gunboats to be made (and sent off on the coastline, but weren't intimidating enough)

What is impressment?

British practice of taking American sailors (civillians) and forcing them into British military service

During the same time as the Meditteranian, was Jefferson's embargo. American shipping became entangled in European hostilities when Napoleon revived his war with Britain. The American Navy (no match for the British and French) could only offer limited protection for American Merchants. The actions (impressment) of the British… (feeling of the US)

angered the US and calls for retaliation intensified

What was the effect of the American captain refusing to obey the orders of the British (demand ship to be searched)

the British warship opened fire, and when Jefferson heard about it he ordered all British ships to leave US territorial waters (British responded with even more aggressive searches)

What was the Embargo Act?

stopped all exports of American goods (argued that Britain and France relied heavily on US products) (did more harm than good because American Farmers and manufacturers had no outlets to sell their goods)

Jefferson repealed the Embargo Act in his last days in office (critics said his decisions damaged the economy and left America unprotected) and congress then passed the Non-Intercourse Act. What is the Non-Intercourse Act?

reopened trade with all countries except France and Britain

What Federalist ideology does the repeal of the Embargo Act indicate Jefferson acknowledged?

a successful international presence has to trade (internationally)

What does the voters loving Jefferson fist term, and his popularity decreasing his second term indicate about political parties and the American population?

they are fickle, and willing to give him a chance

The US wanted to be free from British interference with US merchant ships so congress passed Macon's Bill Number Two. What was this bill? (Starts Madison presidency)

stated that if either France or Britain stopped violating the neutral trading rights of the US, the US would stop trading with the other. -Napoleon agreed (and imposed a trade embargo only on Britain) (but later resumed the violation of American Neutrality)

Who was Tecumseh?

an intelligent and widely respected war chief of the Shawnee Indians in the early 1800s. He attempted to assemble a confederation of tribes to resist white settlement into the center of the North American continent

What was Tecumseh's goal?

the Native tribes stick together and would refuse to sell to whites unless all tribes agreed

What did Tecumseh's goal lead to?

conflict with the US government (the British also supported the Natives)

What did Tecumseh do when the war of 1812 broke out?

he took his followers and joined the British

Tecumseh is an example of…

how Natives attempted to resist white settlement as they were getting displaced

Who were the War Hawks?

-Pro war congressmen -many from the south and west -young -strong sense of nationalism and pride -goal was a war to expand

How did president Madison interact with the War Hawks?

made a deal, in return for their support for his second term he promised to ask congress for a declaration of war

What was the battle of Washington DC?

The British marched to the capitol building in Washington and burned the whole building to the ground, along with the city (+white house). 6,000 disorganized American troops fled as soon as they heard shots. (it was disorganized because it wasn't people's jobs because of the cut in military)

What battle is behind the Star Spangled Banner?

the Battle of Fort McHenry (unsucessful for British) (song originally called "Defense of Fort McHenry", and went along to a drinking tune)

Where was the author during writing the national anthem?

He was a prisoner on a British ship and writes about what he sees from the battle that lasted all night

What led to the Hartford convention?

many New Englanders were unhappy with the war and President Madison (merchants and trading was important in the North)

What was the Hartford convention?

Federalist party delagates from 5 NE states met in Hartford to discuss their opposition to the war -they came up with a list of demands and threatened to leave (secede)

What was the result of the Hartford convention?

-delagates went home with nothing accomplished (war ended before they could finish) -the Federalist party fell as they were branded Anti American

What was the Treaty of Ghent?

an armistice between Britain and the US to end the war of 1812 (truce/draw)

What was the result of the Treaty of Ghent?

they would continue to meet for the next 10 year, discussing issues (including trade, agreement number of ships on the Great Lakes, boundary lines…)

Why did the Battle of New Orleans happen?

-due to poor communication, it was not known to the armies fighting that they were now at peace -the US defeated the British by a lot (but for nothing) -led by General Andrew Jackson, became a hero and (future president)

Why was Madison known as a "party-less president"?

-he proclaimed to be a member of the democratic republicans, but was an author of the Federalist papers -wanted checks and balances, then switched parties after it became a thing -cared about personal rights -Federalist in government, Dem-Rep in economy