Chemistry Oxidation states, Solubility, EMR classification

Atom in an element [Oxidation state]

0

Monoatomic ion [Oxidation state]

Charge of the ion

Oxygen [Oxidation state]

-2

Unless peroxide: -1

Hydrogen [Oxidation State]

+1 (covalent compound)

-1 (ionic compounds)

Fluorine [Oxidation state]

-1

Halogens – Group 7A [Oxidation state]

-1

Alkali metals – Group 1A [Oxidation state]

+1

Alkaline earth metals – Group 2A [Oxidation state]

+2

Compound sum of oxidation states

= 0

Ion sum of oxidation states

Charge of ion (ex: OH- → -1)

Always soluble

Most alkali metals (1A) salts, NH₄⁺

• Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺

• NH₄⁺

Most nitrate salts

• NO₃^-

• C₂H₃O₂^-

Soluble with exceptions

• Cl^-

• Br^-

• I^-

INSOLUBLE with Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

• SO₄^2-

INSOLUBLE with Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺

Insoluble with exceptions

• CO₃^2-

• PO₄^3-

SOLUBLE with Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺

• OH^-

• S^2-

SOLUBLE with Ca²⁺, Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺, NH₄⁺

Nitrate (NO₃^-) salts

Soluble

Alkali metal (group 1A) salts – Li⁺, Na⁺, K⁺

Soluble

NH₄⁺

Soluble

Cl^-

Soluble except Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

Br^-

Soluble except Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

I^-

Soluble except Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺

C₂H₃O₂^-

Soluble

Sulfate salts

Soluble except BaSO_4, PbSO₄, Hg₂SO₄, CaSO₄

i.e. Insoluble with ions Sr²⁺, Ba²⁺, Ag⁺, Hg₂²⁺, Pb²⁺, Ca²⁺

OH^-

Slightly soluble except NaOH, KOH;

Ba(OH)₂, Ca(OH)₂ = marginally soluble

S^2-, CO₃^2-, CrO₄^2-, PO₄^3-

Slightly soluble, except with cations that are:

• Alkali metals (1A) salts

• NH₄⁺

Electromagnetic Radiation Classification

Radio, Microwave, Infrared, Visible, UV, X-Ray, Gamma