Chapter 7 — Age and Sex Related Differences (38 cards)

All of the following are reasons why maximal aerobic power decreases with age EXCEPT which one?

Lowered incidence of sarcopenia

What does chronological age measure?

Calendar time, usually expressed in years and months.

What does biological age measure?

Developmental maturity, such as skeletal, somatic, or sexual maturity.

What is peak height velocity (PHV)?

The period of fastest growth during puberty.

When do peak strength gains occur in boys relative to PHV, according to these notes?

About 1.2 years after PHV.

What drives early strength gains in preadolescent children?

Neuromuscular adaptations.

Which neuromuscular adaptations contribute to early preadolescent strength gains?

Motor unit recruitment and firing rate.

Are early strength gains in preadolescent children primarily caused by muscle hypertrophy?

No. They are primarily driven by neuromuscular adaptations.

Where is growth cartilage located?

At the epiphyseal plate, joint surface, and apophyseal insertions.

What can damage growth cartilage?

Improper loading or technique.

What three conditions make up the Female Athlete Triad in these notes?

Low energy availability, menstrual dysfunction, and low bone mineral density.

What menstrual dysfunction is named in the Female Athlete Triad definition?

Amenorrhea.

What bone component is included in the Female Athlete Triad?

Low bone mineral density; osteoporosis is a possible risk or outcome, not the component itself.

According to these notes, how much higher can female ACL injury rates be?

Up to six times higher.

Which joint characteristic is listed as a female ACL injury risk factor?

Joint laxity.

Which anatomical feature is listed as a female ACL injury risk factor?

Ligament size.

Which movement-related factor is listed as a female ACL injury risk factor?

Neuromuscular control deficits.

What is sarcopenia?

Age-related loss of muscle mass, strength, and power.

Which muscle fiber type is primarily affected by sarcopenia, according to these notes?

Type II fibers.

What is osteopenia’s bone mineral density range relative to the young adult mean?

Between −1.0 and −2.5 standard deviations.

What bone mineral density level defines osteoporosis in these notes?

Below −2.5 standard deviations from the young adult mean.

How is bone mineral density expressed in the osteopenia and osteoporosis definitions?

Standard deviations (SD) below the young adult mean.

Do children grow at a constant rate?

No. Growth varies over time, and physical development differs among children of the same chronological age.

What is puberty?

A period when secondary sex characteristics develop and a child is transformed into a young adult.

In boys, when do peak strength gains typically occur relative to peak weight velocity?

About 0.8 years after peak weight velocity.

How can the risk of growth-cartilage injury during youth training be reduced?

Use appropriate exercise technique and sensible progression, with instruction from a qualified strength and conditioning professional.

How much strength gain is typically observed in untrained preadolescent children after short-term resistance training?

Roughly 30% to 40%.

How long are the short-term resistance-training programs associated with those preadolescent strength gains?

About 8 to 20 weeks.

What tends to happen to children's training-related strength gains during detraining?

They tend to return toward untrained control-group values.

What is a major age-related cause of muscle loss in older adults, according to the Chapter 7 slides?

Physical inactivity.

Which type of training can increase older adults' muscular strength, power, and muscle mass?

Resistance training.

What three factors are listed as contributing to female ACL injury risk?

Joint laxity, ligament size, and neuromuscular deficiency that can lead to abnormal biomechanics.

Which components are linked in the Female Athlete Triad?

Energy availability, menstrual function, and bone mineral density.

During a child’s growth spurt, which generally grows faster: bones or muscles?

Bones generally grow faster than muscles.

In girls, when do peak strength gains usually occur relative to peak height velocity (PHV)?

After PHV.

How does the timing of girls’ peak strength gains vary compared with boys’?

There is more individual variation in how girls’ strength gains relate to height and body weight.

Are many health benefits of resistance training in adults also seen in children?

Yes.

What should ACL injury prevention training emphasize for female athletes?

Strength in multiple movement planes and correct movement mechanics practiced in varied environments.