OSAT VOCABULARY SUBTEST 150

Phonological Awareness

The ability to recognize and manipulate the sound structures in spoken language. An auditory skill that should be developed before letter-to-sound correspondence.

Phonemes

Sounds represented by letters

Onset Sounds (Phonological awareness)

The initial consonant sound in a word, such as the 'c' in 'cat'.

Rime (phonological awareness)

The sound that follows the onset in a word. ex: /at/ in cat

How do babies communicate pg. 15

indirectly communicate needs through crying and gazing

How do students develop language skills? Teaching Language Development - pg 15 -18

Learned through interactions and experiences daily.

Promote by:

• Modeling vocab

• Questions to extend descriptive language skills

• Provide response time and encouragement

• Promote conversation

• Provide feedback and explanation

Phonics

Learning to read by learning that spoken language is represented by letters. Used to teach decoding and reading

Phonemes

The smallest unit of sound.

Logographic

Chinese writing using symbols to represent who words.

Syllabic

Japanese Language

Oral Language Development occurs…

Occurs in a social context, thus… Children need to be included in conversation, not simply talked at them

Students build written language development skills by…

Build on what they already know & provide a print-rich environment

Learning Approach is

Language is first learned by imitating the speech of adults, then solidified in school through teaching about rules of language structure

Linguistic Approach - Noam Chomsky 1950s

Theory proposes that language is innate. A biological approach rather than one based on cognition or social patterning.

Cognitive Approach - Piaget 1970s

Theory states that children must develop appropriate cognitive skills before they can acquire language.

Socio-cognitive approach

Language development is a complex interaction of linguistic, social, and cognitive influences. Explain the lack of language skills among neglected, uneducated parents or those who live in poverty.

UNESCO - United Nations Educational, Scientific, and Cultural Organization

defines literacy as the ability to identify, understand, interpret, create, communicate, compute, and use printed and written materials associated with varying contexts.

Adjectival Suffix

Change words to adjectives - Suffixes: Ex: -ful, -ish, -less.

• care to careful

Verb Suffixes

Change other words to verbs and denote to make or to perform the act of.

Ex: -en added to soft to make soften

• -fy

• -ate

• -ize

Noun Suffixes

Changes a verb or adjective to a noun

Ex: Auction to Auctioneer

• -eer

• -hood

• -ness

• -tion

• -ship

• -ism

3 Moods in English (mood - speaker’s attitude)

Indicative - for facts, opinions, and questions

Imperative - for orders or requests

Subjunctive - for wishes and statements that go against facts.

Proper Nouns vs Collective Noun

Name specific people, places, or things

Names for a group of people, places, or things. Ex: Choir, Members.

3 degrees of comparison with adjectives and adverbs

1. Positive - the normal form of an adjective or adverb

2. Comparative - compares one person or thing to another person or thing

3. Superlative - Compares more than two people or things

Adverbs can modify…

Another adverb

Adjectives

Verbs

Adverbs: answer the questions When, Where, How, and Why

Imperative Statement

The verb’s subject is understood without actually appearing or being named.
Ex: “Go to the post office for me,” “Run to the store”, the subject is the person being told to run.

Compound Subject is

Formed when two or more nouns are joined by and, or, nor.

Indirect Object is

A word or group of words that shows how an action had an influence on someone or something.

Ex: “We taught the old dog a new trick”

Indirect: The old dog. Direct: A New Trick

Infinitive is

It is made of the word to and the basic form of the verb.

Ex: The animals have enough food to eat for the night

Infinitive - “to eat”

Adjective: - “to eat for the night"

4 types of sentences:

Declarative - states a fact and ends with period

Imperative - tells someone to do something & generally ends with a period or exclamation point

Interrogative - asks a question and ends with a question mark

Exclamatory - shows strong emotion and ends with an exclamation point.

Parallelism

When multiple items or ideas are presented in a sentence in series, such as in a list, the items or ideas must be states in grammatically equivalent ways.

Ex: He stopped at the office, the grocery store, and the pharmacy before heading home.

The flurry of blows left him staggered, discombobulated, and overwhelmed before falling.

Incorrect: He stopped at the office, grocery store, and the pharmacy before heading home.

Absolute Phrase is

a phrase that consists of a noun followed by a participle.

Subordinate Phrase is

A group of words containing a subject and a verb that cannot stand alone as a complete sentence because it does not express a complete thought. Instead, it must be attached to a main independent clause to provide extra context, functioning as an adjective, adverb, or noun.

Essential Appositive is

A noun, pronoun, or noun phrase placed directly beside another noun to identify or narrow down.

Nonessential appositive is

a noun or noun phrase that renames or explains another noun right beside it, but provides extra, bonus information that is not strictly needed to understand who or what is being talked about.

ex: We visited Paris, the capital of France.

Define Affect

N: feeling, emotion, or mood that is displayed.

V: to alter, to change, to influence

Define Effect

N: a result, a consequence

V: to bring about, to cause to be.

Homophones

Words that sound alike but have different spellings and definitions.

Ex: “affect” & “effect”

Homographs

A word that has the same spelling but different meanings

ex: bat, bow, tear, read

An ad hominem argument does what?

Attacks the person behind an idea rather than refuting the idea itself.

“ad hominem” is Latin for “ against the man”

What does an apophasis argument do:

Misleads by presenting only selected information that supports one position.

Allows the speaker or writer to indirectly bring attention to a flaw in an opponent’s credibility.

Distinguish the topic from the main idea

The topic is the subject stated in a few words

The main idea is the most important point. Often a full sentence.

Top-down processing:

Refers to background and global knowledge to figure out the meaning.

Bottom Up Processing:

The student figures out the meaning using data obtained from what was said.

Transitive Verbs are

actions indicates a receiver

Intransitive Verbs

Do not indicate a receiver of an action. In other words, the action does not point to an object.

Linking Verbs

Connects the subject of a sentence to a noun or pronoun.

Ex: is, be, look, smelled, taste, being, becomes.

When the subject of a sentence is doing the action, the verb is in a…

Action Voice

When the subject is being acted upon, the verb is in a…

passive voice

_____ indicates when an action is being taken place. Past, present, future.

Verb Tense

An action that starts in the past and continues into the present is a________

Present perfect

An action completed at some point in the past is a _______

Past Perfect

An action that will be completed sometime in the future is a _______

Future Perfect

Adjective

Describes or modifies a noun or pronoun. It gives more information about a person, place, or thing. Example: The door is brown

Adverb

modifies a verb

Ex: -ly, yesterday, now, later, here, outside, almost, extremely.

Preposition

a word placed before a noun or pronoun that shows the relationship between that noun or pronoun and another word in the sentence.

Coordinating Conjunctions examples include

and, but, yet, or, nor, for, so

correlative conjunctions

either… or, neither…. nor, not only….but also

Subordinating conjunctions examples:

After, although, because, since, so that, unless, until, when, where.

Interjections

a word or short phrase that expresses sudden emotion

ex: wow

Independent clause

A complete thought that contains both a subject and a predicate (verb)

Ex: I am running because I want to stay in shape.

Dependent or Subordinate Clause

May include a subject and a predicate but is not a complete thought and can not stand on its own.

Ex: I am running because I want to stay in shape.

Adjective Clause

Modifies a noun or pronouns.

Ex: This is the place where I started my first job.

Nonessential Clauses

Gives more information but not necessary

Essential Clause

explains or defines a person or thing and is essential to the sentence.

Cloze

Semantic

Syntactic

Pragmatic

semantic map.