More OnRamps Biology Unit 0/1 test review

What kingdoms lie under the prokaryote domain?

Archaea and Bacteria

What kingdoms lie under the eukaryote domain?

Plantae, Animalia, Protista, Fungi

Which functional groups are polar?

Hydroxyl, carboxyl, amino, and phosphate

Nonpolar Covalent

bond formed between two atoms that share electrons equally, resulting in no overall charge. Similar electronegativities of the bonded atoms leads to a balanced distribution of electrical charge.

Polar Covalent

bond formed between two atoms that share electrons unequally, creating a partial positive and negative charge. (Think of unequal sharing) Have different electronegativities which leads to an unequal distribution of electrical charge.

Ionic

NO SHARING. One atom is so much stronger than the other that it steals an electron.

Dispersion Forces

All molecules have it, a temporary/accidental partial charge is created by electrons moving around. (Think of it as temporary dipole-dipole, these charges are partial but only for a fraction of a second) If it is a NON-POLAR molecule then this is going to be the main force at play.

Dipole-Dipole Forces

ONLY POLAR MOLECULES have it. Permanent partial charges between the ends of molecules. The positive side of a molecule is permanently attracted to the negative side of another molecule.

Hydrogen Bond

Is an extremely strong type of POLAR dipole-dipole force. Can only occur with Flourine, Nitrogen, and Oxygen atoms.

Intramolecular Forces

INSIDE. These forces occur between molecules. These forces help hold molecules together. This includes ionic and covalent bonds. They determine the molecular structure and stability. The substance would not exist without these forces.

Intermolecular Forces

BETWEEN. Weaker attractions between already-existing molecules. This includes Dispersion Forces, Dipole-Dipole Forces, and Hydrogen bonds. They determine the state (solid, liquid, or gas) of a molecule.

Is a substance with a lone pair more likely to create a dipole-dipole intermolecular force?

Yes, because the lone pair creates an area of partial negative charge, enhancing polarity.