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Anatomy

The study of body structures and how body parts are related

Physiology

The study of how the body and its parts function

Gross anatomy

The study of structures that can be seen without a microscope

Microscopic anatomy

The study of structures that cannot be seen without a microscope

Surface anatomy

The study of the external surface markings of the body

Regional anatomy

The study of all structures within a specific region of the body

Cytology

The study of the structure and function of individual cells

Histology

The study of tissues and groups of specialized cells

Cell physiology

The study of the functions of cells, including chemical and molecular events

Special physiology

The study of the functions of specific organs

Systemic physiology

The study of the functions of specific organ systems

Pathological physiology

The study of how diseases affect body and organ functions

Metabolism

All chemical reactions that occur in the body

Homeostasis

The body's ability to maintain a relatively stable internal environment

Stimulus

A change in the internal or external environment that causes a response

Receptor

A structure that detects a stimulus and sends information to a control center

Control center

Receives information from a receptor, processes it, and determines a response

Effector

A cell, organ, or organ system that carries out a response

Negative feedback

A response that opposes or reverses the original stimulus

Positive feedback

A response that reinforces or increases the original stimulus

What are the basic functions of living things?

Responsiveness, growth, reproduction, movement, and metabolism

What is the chemical level?

Atoms combine to form molecules (simplest level)

What is the cellular level?

Molecules work together to form cells

What is the tissue level?

Groups of cells work together to perform a specific function

What is the organ level?

Two or more different tissues work together to perform a specific function

What is the organ system level?

Multiple organs work together to perform a major function

What is the organism level?

All organ systems work together to form the whole living organism

Levels of organization in order

Chemical → Cellular → Tissue → Organ → Organ System → Organism

Integumentary system function

Protects the body and helps regulate body temperature

Skeletal system function

Provides support and protection, stores minerals, and forms blood cells

Muscular system function

Allows movement, produces heat, and provides support

Nervous system function

Provides rapid communication and responses to stimuli

Endocrine system function

Provides long-term regulation using hormones

Cardiovascular system function

Transports blood, nutrients, gases, wastes, and other materials

Lymphatic system function

Defends against infection and disease and returns excess tissue fluid to the bloodstream

Respiratory system function

Brings in oxygen, removes carbon dioxide, and helps produce sound

Digestive system function

Processes food and absorbs nutrients

Urinary system function

Removes wastes and helps eliminate excess water and salts

Reproductive system function

Produces sex cells and hormones and allows reproduction

How many major organ systems are there?

11

What is the purpose of homeostasis?

To maintain stable internal conditions so cells and organs can function properly

Why is homeostasis necessary?

Cells and organs require specific internal conditions to function properly; disruptions can cause illness or disease

What usually happens after a negative feedback response?

The body moves back toward its normal condition

What is an example of negative feedback?

Thermoregulation, such as cooling the body when body temperature gets too high

What is an example of positive feedback?

Childbirth contractions becoming stronger until birth
Blood clotting, where the initial response activates more clotting reactions

Which type of feedback is mainly responsible for maintaining homeostasis?

Negative feedback

Why is positive feedback useful?

It helps complete processes that need to happen quickly

What is an example of movement inside the body?

The movement of blood through blood vessels