Unit 2: Population & Migration

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62 Terms

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Site Factors

The physical attributes of a location- its terrain, its soil, vegetation, and water sources

<p>The physical attributes of a location- its terrain, its soil, vegetation, and water sources</p>
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Situation Factors

The external influence of a location's surrounding area.

<p>The external influence of a location's surrounding area.</p>
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Distribution

The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.

<p>The arrangement of something across Earth's surface.</p>
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Density

The frequency with which something occurs in space

<p>The frequency with which something occurs in space</p>
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Arithmetic Density

The total number of objects in an area

<p>The total number of objects in an area</p>
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Physiological Density

The number of people per unit area of arable land

<p>The number of people per unit area of arable land</p>
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Agricultural Density

The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land

<p>The ratio of the number of farmers to the amount of arable land</p>
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Carrying Capacity

Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support

<p>Largest number of individuals of a population that an environment can support</p>
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Overpopulation

The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.

<p>The number of people in an area exceeds the capacity of the environment to support life at a decent standard of living.</p>
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ESPeN

Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental

<p>Economic, Social, Political, eNvironmental</p>
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Demography

The scientific study of population characteristics (ie. age, gender, occupation, fertility...)

<p>The scientific study of population characteristics (ie. age, gender, occupation, fertility...)</p>
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Population Pyramid

A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.

<p>A bar graph representing the distribution of population by age and sex.</p>
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Dependency Ratio

The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force

<p>The number of people under age 15 and over age 64 compared to the number of people active in the labor force</p>
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Sex Ratio

The number of males per 100 females in the population.

<p>The number of males per 100 females in the population.</p>
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Life Expectancy

The number of years a person can expect to live

<p>The number of years a person can expect to live</p>
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CBR

Crude Birth Rate. The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

<p>Crude Birth Rate. The total number of live births in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.</p>
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CDR

Crude Death Rate. The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.

<p>Crude Death Rate. The total number of deaths in a year for every 1,000 people alive in the society.</p>
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NIR

Natural Increase Rate. The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.

<p>Natural Increase Rate. The percentage growth of a population in a year, computed as the crude birth rate minus the crude death rate.</p>
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IMR

Infant Mortality Rate, the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society

<p>Infant Mortality Rate, the total number of deaths in a year among infants under 1 year old for every 1,000 live births in a society</p>
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TFR

Total Fertility Rate. The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.

<p>Total Fertility Rate. The average number of children a woman will have throughout her childbearing years.</p>
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Replacement Rate

The total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself. 2.1 TFR

<p>The total fertility rate needed for a population to replace itself. 2.1 TFR</p>
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Doubling Time

The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.

<p>The number of years needed to double a population, assuming a constant rate of natural increase.</p>
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Demographic Transition Model

A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.

<p>A sequence of demographic changes in which a country moves from high birth and death rates to low birth and death rates through time.</p>
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Stage 1: Low Growth

Very high CBR

Very high CDR

Very low NIR

<p>Very high CBR</p><p>Very high CDR</p><p>Very low NIR</p>
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Stage 2: High Growth

High CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR

<p>High CBR, rapidly declining CDR, very high NIR</p>
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Stage 3: Moderate Growth

Rapidly declining CBR

Moderately declining CDR

Moderate NIR

<p>Rapidly declining CBR</p><p>Moderately declining CDR</p><p>Moderate NIR</p>
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Stage 4: Low Growth

Very low CBR

Low or slightly increasing CDR

Zero or negative NIR

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Epidemiological Transition

The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition

<p>The process of change in the distinctive causes of death in each stage of the demographic transition</p>
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Thomas Malthus

Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.

<p>Eighteenth-century English intellectual who warned that population growth threatened future generations because, in his view, population growth would always outstrip increases in agricultural production.</p>
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Ester Boserup

Argued that population growth actually stimulates societies to innovate and produce more food.

People and technology will adapt with challenges

<p>Argued that population growth actually stimulates societies to innovate and produce more food.</p><p>People and technology will adapt with challenges</p>
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Green Revolution

(1950s - 1980s) Agricultural Revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.

<p>(1950s - 1980s) Agricultural Revolution that increased production through improved seeds, fertilizers, and irrigation; helped to support rising Asian populations.</p>
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Neo-Malthusians

People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources

<p>People who believed in Malthusian Theory and in the idea that population was not only outstripping food but other resources</p>
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Pronatalist Policy

Government policy that supports higher birth rates

<p>Government policy that supports higher birth rates</p>
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Antinatalist Policy

Government policy that supports lower birth rates

<p>Government policy that supports lower birth rates</p>
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Migration

Movement of people from one place to another

<p>Movement of people from one place to another</p>
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Push Factors

Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.

<p>Incentives for potential migrants to leave a place, such as a harsh climate, economic recession, or political turmoil.</p>
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Pull Factors

Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas

<p>Positive conditions and perceptions that effectively attract people to new locales from other areas</p>
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Immigration

Migration to a new location

<p>Migration to a new location</p>
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Emigration

Migration from a location

<p>Migration from a location</p>
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Net Migration Rate

The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants per 1000 people

<p>The difference between the number of immigrants and the number of emigrants per 1000 people</p>
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Intervening Obstacle

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.

<p>An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that hinders migration.</p>
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Intervening Opportunity

An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.

<p>An environmental or cultural feature of the landscape that helps migration.</p>
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Voluntary Migration

Permanent movement undertaken by choice.

<p>Permanent movement undertaken by choice.</p>
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Earnest Ravenstein

Laws of migration established in the 1980s based on studies carried out in the U.K.

<p>Laws of migration established in the 1980s based on studies carried out in the U.K.</p>
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Forced Migration

Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.

<p>Human migration flows in which the movers have no choice but to relocate.</p>
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Transnational Migration

Migration into a new country

<p>Migration into a new country</p>
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Remittances

Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries

<p>Money migrants send back to family and friends in their home countries, often in cash, forming an important part of the economy in many poorer countries</p>
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Internal Migration

Migration within a country

<p>Migration within a country</p>
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Interregional Migration

Movement from one region of a country to another

<p>Movement from one region of a country to another</p>
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Intraregional Migration

Movement within one region of a country.

<p>Movement within one region of a country.</p>
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Transhumance Migration

Traditional seasonal movement of livestock (highlands in the summer and lowlands in the winter)

<p>Traditional seasonal movement of livestock (highlands in the summer and lowlands in the winter)</p>
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Chain (Family Based) Migration

Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there

<p>Migration of people to a specific location because relatives or members of the same nationality previously migrated there</p>
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Step Migration

Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city

<p>Migration to a distant destination that occurs in stages, for example, from farm to nearby village and later to a town and city</p>
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Guest Worker Programs

A policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work

<p>A policy that allows labor immigrants to enter a country temporarily to work</p>
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Circular Migration

The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.

<p>The temporary movement of a migrant worker between home and host countries to seek employment.</p>
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Rural-to-Urban Migration

The movement of people from the countryside to the city

<p>The movement of people from the countryside to the city</p>
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Enslaved Person

A person held against his or her will and forced to work for no pay

<p>A person held against his or her will and forced to work for no pay</p>
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Asylum Seeker

Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee

<p>Someone who has migrated to another country in the hope of being recognized as a refugee</p>
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Refugee

A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster

<p>A person who has been forced to leave their country in order to escape war, persecution, or natural disaster</p>
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IDP (Internally Displaced Person)

someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders

<p>someone who is forced to flee his or her home but who remains within his or her country's borders</p>
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Quotas

In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.

<p>In reference to migration, laws that place maximum limits on the number of people who can immigrate to a country each year.</p>
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Brain Drain

Large-scale emigration by talented people. Scientists, researchers, doctors, and other professionals migrate to countries where they can make better use of their abilities

<p>Large-scale emigration by talented people. Scientists, researchers, doctors, and other professionals migrate to countries where they can make better use of their abilities</p>