Behavioral neuroscience exam 3

which sensory receptor cell is responsible for the detection of vibrations?

pacinian corpuscles

which sensory receptor cell is responsible for the detection of edges an isolate points (you can read braille)

Merkel's corpuscles

if the pacinian corpuscle has a weak stimulus, what would the intensity of the response be?

weak

what polarization are excitatory sensory receptors?

depolarizes

what polarization are inhibitory sensory receptor cells?

hyperpolarization

which pain nerve fiber is responsible for the first pain response?

delta fibers, SECOND is C fibers

difference between nociceptors (TRVP1 and TRPM3)

Mice lacking the gene for TRPV1 still respond to mechanosensory pain, but not to mild heat or capsaicin

Wernicke-korkasoff is a deficiency in what?

thiamine

what brain region is Huntington's disease caused by?

caused by progressive damage to the basal ganglia

at the neuromuscular junction, which transmitter is released?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

if you stub your toe and start to rub it, the rubbing will reduce the pain because of what?

the nociceptors will numb the pain

If a patient lost their hand, there would be a change in the brain. what is this called?

neuroplasticity

what are the two different types of non primary motor zones?

supplementary motor areas and the premotor cortex

what is the brain region responsible for helping you with find tune skilled movements?

cerebellum

skin receptors in the sensory pathway cross over to the contralateral side in which brain region?

the medulla

where does the motor system travel to?

frontal lobe (cerebral cortex), upper medulla, lower medulla, and to the spinal cord

main structures of the organ of corti

sensory (hair cells), framework of supporting cells, terminations of the auditory nerve fibers, and tectorial & basilar membranes

inner cells release what neurotransmitter?

glutamate

outer cells release what neurotransmitter?

Acetylcholine (ACh)

information from both ears/first binaural input is first integrated where?

the superior olivary

if someone gets severe noise damage, what specific ear structure will be damaged?

the hair cells in the cochlea

where do high frequencies have the greatest effect?

at the base of the cochlea (narrow and stuff)

where do low frequencies produce larger responses?

at the apex (wider and flexible)

difference between onset disparity and ongoing phase disparity

onset disparity is the latency difference between the two ears for the beginning of a sound. ongoing phase disparity is the difference between the ears for arrival of the peaks and troughs of the sound wave (latency whens sound arrives in the ear)

aphasia vs agnosia

aphasia is impairment is language while agnosia is a perceptual disorder (cannot recognize objects, people, sounds, or shapes)

different types of agnosia

associative: perceive objects, but cannot identify them

asterognosia: inability to recognize objects by touch

stimultanagnosia: can perceive the basic shape of an object but unable to perceive more than one object at a time

a patient has bilateral damage between the border of occipital lobe and temporal lobe. what symptoms will show?

symptoms of prosopagnosia and wernicke's are impaired ability to repeat words our phrases, cannot comprehend speech and cannot recognize familiar faces but can recognize by voice or clothing

what brain region is responsible for prosopangnosia?

fusiform gyrus

Broca's area vs. Wernicke's Area

difficulty in speech production vs. difficulty in language comprehension/meaningful speech

N400 error meaning

error in semantics (meaning)

ex: the man started the car engine and stepped on a pancake

N600 meaning

error in grammar

ex: the broker hoped to sell the stock was sent to jail

if the object was placed on the left hand, how would you identify it?

identify it using the left hand by drawing it or pointing

which taste receptor is for acids and uses protons?

sour (OTOP1)

if patient has damage to the olfactory cilia, what happens?

receptors cannot go to the glomerulus

how does the gustatory system signal?

from the tongue, to the brain stem nuclei, to the thalamus, to the somatosensory cortex

what is so unique about the olfactory system compared to other sensory systems

projected ipsilaterally (same side of body) and project to cortex without passing through the thalamus

humans have 400 types of factory proteins, but we can distinguish 1 trillion odors. why is that?

receptors have distinct but overlapping spatial distributions/vast combinations

taste papillae vs taste buds vs taste receptor buds

bumps on tongues that increase taste intensity vs structures inside the papillae that detect chemicals vs cells in the taste buds that detect flavors

what are spectrally opponent cells and whats their function?

have opposite firing responses to different regions of the spectrum. +L/M cell is stimulated above 600 nm and inhibited at shorter wavelengths. they send their outputs into many higher circuits—for detection of form, depth, and movement, as well as hue.

What is the function of V2 in the visual cortex area

neurons respond to illusory boundaries and complicit relations among the parts of their receptive fields. helps brain fill in gaps in visual scenes

rod photoreceptors

hyper polarizes when light comes in

photopic vs scotopic vision

photopic is color vision and scotopic is rod vision (dark)

dorsal vs ventral pathway

dorsal is spatial location of object while ventral is responsible for identifying objects