Management of Patients with Oral and Esophageal Disorders

Vocabulary flashcards covering hiatal hernias, chemical burns to the esophagus, GERD, and Barrett esophagus based on the lecture transcript.

Hiatal hernia

A condition in which the opening through which the esophagus passes becomes enlarged, allowing part of the upper stomach to move up into the lower portion of the thorax.

Type I (Sliding) hiatal hernia

The most common form of hiatal hernia (affecting approximately $95\%$ of patients) where the upper stomach and gastrointestinal junction are displaced upward and slide in and out of the thorax.

Type IV hiatal hernia

The most severe category of paraesophageal hernia, characterized by the greatest herniation where the stomach and other intra-abdominal organs (such as the colon, small intestine, and spleen) herniate up into the chest.

Pyrosis

Heartburn; the most common clinical symptom reported in sliding hiatal hernia and a hallmark clinical manifestation of GERD.

Volvulus

A severe gastrointestinal complication characterized by a bowel obstruction caused by twisting of the intestines and supporting mesentery.

Esophageal manometry

An outpatient diagnostic test used to evaluate problems with movement and pressure in the esophagus by measuring its muscle strength and coordination.

Nissen fundoplication

A surgical repair procedure where the stomach is pulled down and the upper portion of the stomach is wrapped around the esophagus to hold it in place.

Chemical burns to the esophagus

Acute esophageal injuries resulting from intentional or unintentional ingestion of caustic substances, undissolved medications, or batteries, causing acute pain, edema, and mucosal damage.

Gastroesophageal reflux disease (GERD)

A common digestive disorder marked by the backward flow of gastric contents into the esophagus, potentially caused by an incompetent lower esophageal sphincter, pyloric stenosis, hiatal hernia, or motility disorders.

Ambulatory pH monitoring

A diagnostic procedure for GERD involving transnasal catheter placement or an endoscopic wireless capsule placed for about $24$ hours to evaluate esophageal acid exposure.

Magnetic sphincter augmentation

A surgical GERD intervention utilizing a small, flexible ring of interlinked titanium beads with magnetic cores placed around the lower esophageal sphincter to keep it closed against gastric acid while opening for swallowed food.

Barrett esophagus

A precancerous alteration of the esophageal mucosa caused by chronic GERD where normal squamous mucosa is replaced by columnar-lined epithelium resembling the intestines.

Esophageal adenocarcinoma

One of the fastest rising cancers in the Western population, for which Barrett esophagus is the only known precursor.

Prey classification

The standardized system referenced in the lecture used to determine the extent of cell changes in Barrett esophagus to guide clinical and medical management.