UVU Biology 1010 Exam 1: Nature of Science, Scientific Terms, Evolution, Phylogenetics

What are properties of life?

Organisms reproduce their own kind.

Living things exhibit complex by ordered organization.

Organisms take in energy and use it to perform all of life's activities.

Organisms respond to environmental stimuli.

Science is _________________.

the inquiry-based effort to describe and explain nature.

What is Charles Darwin most known for?

Evolution

Can science and religion coexist? Can they answer all of the same questions?

Yes/No

What is biology?

The scientific study of life.

What are the proper components of the scientific method?

Observation, question, hypothesis, prediction, experiment, results, conclusion.

How do hypotheses differ from theories?

Theories are more comprehensive that hypotheses.

Who would be considered Darwin's early mentor (he also helped get him on the HMS Beagle)?

Henslow

If you were to ask Charles Darwin what his major was upon graduation from college, he would say:

Theology.

While in Chile, what significant event influenced Darwin's thoughts about evolution?

An earthquake rose the shoreline several feet for hundreds of miles.

Darwin's Laws of Natural Selection:

Individuals in some populations have varied characteristics.

Variation in individuals appears to be inherited.

Populations have the potential to produce more individuals than the environment can support

What did Darwin find in South America that suggested that the Andes Mountains had been gradually lifted up over millions of years?

Sea snail fossils high up in the Andes Mountains.

Aside from Natural Selections, Darwin was the first biologist to propose:

A branching diagram to show how species are related (phylogenies).

What effect did Charles Lyell have on Darwin?

His book "Principles of Geology," which Darwin took with him on the HMS Beagle, provided key insights regarding the natural world.

Who did Darwin marry?

His first cousin.

What will prevent significant genetic drift?

A large population.

Which of the following are homologous?

The forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat?

the wings of a dragonfly and the wings of a hawk?

The mouth of a mosquito and the beak of a hummingbird?

The wings of a butterfly and wings of a sparrow?

The forelimb of a dog and the forelimb of a cat.

A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two sub-populations evolve into two distinct species.

What is Allopatric Speciation?

What is an example of directional selection?

There is an increase in antibiotic-resistant strains of bacteria (double check).

The type of reproductive barrier that occurs when two species mate, but produce sterile hybrids is referred to as_______________?

A post-zygotic barrier; hybrid sterility.

Gene flow is accomplished by __________________?

Migration.

The original source of genetic variation that serves as the raw material for natural selection is __________________________?

Mutation.

The ultimate source of all variation is _________________?

Mutation.

The founder effect differs from a population bottleneck in that the founder effect ________________.

Involves the isolation of a small colony of individuals from a larger population.

What is a population bottleneck?

A sharp reduction in the size of a population due to environmental events (earthquakes, floods, fires, disease, droughts) or human activities (over hunting, habitat destruction, genocide).

Natural selection results in __________________.

Offspring adapted to their current environment.

What is a non-trivial organization system?

You get more out of it than what you put in it.

Which of the following does not belong in the group?

Phylogeny

Cladogram

Natural Selection

Evolutionary tree

Natural Selection

According to the theory of endosymbiosis, which organelles evolved from small prokaryotes that established residence within other, larger prokaryotes?

Mitochondria and chloroplasts.

Insects have _______________________.

A three-part body: head, thorax, and abdomen.

The archaea and eukaryotes last shared a common ancestor ______________________________.

2.5 billion years ago.

How do sponges differ from all other animals?

Sponges lack true tissues.

More than half of all known species are ______________________.

Insects

Plants first moved onto land at least _________________ years ago.

475 million.

How many years ago did humans and orangutans share a common ancestor

12 million.

Which prokaryotic groups is most closely related to eukaryotes?

Archaea

________________ are the most diverse group of arthropods.

Insects.

Which of these exhibits radial symmetry?

Butterfly

Automobile

Spoon

Ferris wheel

Shoe box

Ferris wheel.

What type of symmetry does a jellyfish exhibit?

Radial.

Humans are chordates. Which animal group is most closely related to chordates?

Echinoderms.

The amount of DNA shared by chimpanzees and humans means?

Humans and chimpanzees share a relatively recent common ancestor.

Which of these human characteristics evolved first?

Upright posture?

Development of culture?

Enlarged brain?

Language?

Loss of body hair?

Upright posture.

What behavior helps to define the genus Homo?

The use of tools.

A hypothesis is __________________ ?

A tentative answer to a question.

T/F Scientific ideas are subjected to repeated testing.

True

Characid fishes are only found naturally in South America and Africa. Fossils of these fish are not found on any other continents. What is the most likely explanation of this distribution pattern?

These fishes arose in either Africa or South America and migrated across the South Atlantic Ocean to the other continent.

Homology is the evidence of ___________________________.

Common ancestry.

What is an example of allopatric speciation?

A population of squirrels is separated by the Grand Canyon. Through time the two sub-populations evolve into two distinct species.

Suppose you want to date the age of a trilobite fossil you found in the mountains of Dugway. You collect rocks that surround the fossil to determine the age of the fossil based upon the radioactive decay of element X, which is found in the rock. The half life of element X is 3 million years. There is 1/32 of the original amount of X left in the rock you found. How old is the rock and therefore the fossil?

What is the disadvantage of biological species concept?

?

What is the disadvantage of the Phylogenetic species concept?

?

What is the disadvantage of the morphological species concept?

?

What are evidences that evolution has occured?

Vestigial organs

Homology

All organisms share the same DNA nucleotides.

The fossil record?

What are evolutionary adaptations leading to the modern human lineage?

bipedalism

increased brain size

smaller cheek teeth

reduced jaw robusticity

short muzzel

Mark all that apply: Which of the following is the equivalent to branching points on phylogenetic trees?

Speciation events

Terminals

Common ancestors

Internodes

Speciation Events

Terminals

Internodes

(double check these)

Genetic Drift is the change of the frequency of alleles from generation to generation as a result of chance, alone in a small gene pool

True

False

False

We can trust discoveries in science because they start with a hypothesis which must be ______________________?

falsefiable

Carbon-14 can be used to determine the age of a dinosaur fossil.

True

False

False

As you studied about evolution you were able to learn of the different theories of evolution, one of which, being the view of Jean Baptiste de Lemark. Please Explain in detail his view on evolution.