Skeletal System Test Review

articular cartilage

covers epiphysis, made of hyaline cartilage, decreases friction at joint surfaces

bone marrow

soft/spongy, highly vascular, red marrow-hematopoiesis, yellow marrow-fat storage

cortical bone

compact, on the long part of long bones where not much stress is present

diaphysis

shaft, only experiences vertical stress

epiphyseal plate

growth plate

epiphysis

ends of bone, contains spongy bone, handles multiple directions of stress

haversian canals

opening in the center of an osteon, carries blood vessels and nerves

haversian system

a unit of bone, tree rings

hematopoiesis

blood cell formation

lacunae

cavities containing osteocytes (rings)

medullary cavity

cavity of bone shaft, contains bone marrow

ossification

laying down rough initial bone tissue

osteoblasts

bone builders

osteoclasts

bone destroyers

osteocytes

bone cells

osteon

unit of bone, tree rings

periosteum

outside covering of diaphysis, contains fibrous connective tissue membrane

bone remodeling

lifelong cycle where old bone is replaced by new bone, repairing/maintaining/renewing existing bone

trabecular bone

spongy bone

volkmann’s canals

canal perpendicular to the central canal, carries blood vessels and nerves

Describe the location of marrow in adults and children

adults-red marrow mostly in flat bones, yellow marrow in long bones; children-red bone marrow in most bones

Describe the vertebrae of the human spine

cervical-7, thoracic-12, lumbar-5, sacrum-5; provides structural support and protects the spinal cord

What is the composition of the epiphyseal plate?

hyaline cartilage

What is the endosteum?

thin vascular membrane that lines inner surfaces of bones

What is the location of hematopoiesis?

red bone marrow

What is the purpose of the bones articulations?

joints- connect bones

When do bones stop changing?

mid 20s

Where is compact bone found?

shaft of long bone

amphiarthroses joint

slightly moveable- vertebral discs, pubic symphysis, tibia/fibula, sternum/manubrium

ball and socket joint

multi-axial and lots of movement- hip, shoulder

cartilagious joint

immovable or slightly moveable- growth plates, pubic symphysis, vertebral discs

condyloid joint

biaxial- wrist, knuckles

fibrous joint

immovable, united by fibrous tissue- sutures, syndesmoses (distal end of tibia and fibula)

hinge joint

works like a door hinge- elbow, knee, ankle

pivot joint

rotational around a single axis- forearm/elbow, foreram/wrist

saddle joint

bone surfaces fit together like a rider on a horse saddle- wrist, metacarpals

syndesmosis joint

two bones joined by fibrous tissue- fibula/tibia, radius/ulna

tendon sheath

elongated bursa that wraps around tendon (hot dog bun shape)

What fracture occurs when one attempts to break a fall with outstrecthed arms?

impacted

What fracture is common in children?

greenstick

What fracture commonly occur in sports?

spiral

What fracture is characterized by many shards of bone?

comminuted

What fracture is characterized by a partially broken bone?

greenstick

What fracture is it when broken bone ends are forced into each other?

impacted

What fracture is it when the broken bone portion is pressed inward?

depression

What fracture is a ragged break occurring when excessive twisting forces are applied to the bone?

spiral

Skull fracture is often what fracture?

depression

bursitis

inflammation of bursa usually caused by blow or friction

dislocation

bone displaced from joint socket

gouty arthritis (gout)

inflammation of toe caused by deposition of urate crystals settling

osteoarthritis

cartilage cushioning at ends of bones breaks down, common in elderly

osteochondrosis

affects growth plates and joint surfaces often in children

osteporosis

when bone mineralization and strength are low, can cause lots of fractures

rheumatoid arthritis

autoimmune disease where immune system attacks the joints, bilateral inflammation

rickets

when the bones fail to calcify due to lack of calcium or vitamin D

sprain

overstretching or tearing of ligaments/tendons, RICE

tendonitis

inflammation of tendon sheaths

What are the characteristics of a synovial joint?

articular cartilage covers ends of bone, joint surfaces are enclosed by a fibrous articular capsule, have a joint cavity filled with synovial fluid, ligaments reinforce the joint

What can cause destruction and remodeling of a bone?

osteoclasts and osteoblasts

What hormones play a role in bone development?

growth/sex hormones (estrogen/testosterone), vitamin d

What is contained in the Haversian system?

haversian canal, lamellae, lacunae, canaliculi

What is the diaphysis?

shaft of long bone

What is the purpose of the periosteum?

protects, covers outer surface of almost all bones

What is trabecular bone tissue?

spongy bone, helps shock absorption

What minerals are important in bone growth and development?

calcium and vitamin d

Where is hyaline cartilage found in the skeleton?

articular cartilage, epiphyseal plates