Movements and their prime movers

Scapular elevation

levator scapulae, upper trapezius

scapular depression

pectoralis minor, lower trapezius, serratus anterior

Scapular retraction

middle trapezius, rhomboids (major and minor)

Scapular protraction

serratus anterior

scapular upward rotation

lower trapezius, serratus anterior, upper trapezius,

scapular downward rotation

pectoralis minor, levator scapulae, rhomboids

shoulder flexion

anterior deltoid, bicep brachii (secondary)

shoulder extension

infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, latissimus dorsi, triceps brachii

shoulder abduction

middle deltoid, supraspinatus

shoulder adduction

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi (sa)

shoulder horizontal adduction

pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi

shoulder horizontal abduction

posterior deltoid

shoulder internal rotation

anterior deltoid, pectoralis major, latissimus dorsi, subscapularis

shoulder external rotation

infraspinatus, posterior deltoid, teres minor

stabilizing the humeral head in the shoulder joint

infraspinatus, subscapularis, supraspinatus, teres minor

elbow flexion

biceps brachii (agonists), brachialis, brachioradialis (synergists)

elbow extension

tricep brachii

forearm supination

bicep brachii

wrist and finger flexion

wrist and long finger flexors (flexor carpi radialis and ulnaris)

wrist and finger extension

wrist and long finger extensors

hip extension

gluteus maximus, hamstrings - bicep femoris, semitendinosus, semimebranosus

hip flexion

iliopsas (iliacus, psos major), rectus femoris (secondary)

hip abduction

gluteus medius (main), gluteus minimus, gluteus maximus (secondary)

hip adduction

Adductors (gracilis, pectineus, adductor longus, adductor brevis, adductor magnus), gluteus maximus (secondary)

knee extension

quadriceps (vastus medialis, rectus femoris, vastus longus and vastus intermedius)

knee flexion

hamstrings (bicep femoris, semimembrinosus, semitendinosus)

ankle dorsiflexion

anterior tibialis

ankle plantarflexion

gastrocnemius, soleus (peroneus longus and brevis - secondary)

foot eversion

peroneus brevis, peroneus longus, peroneus tertius

foot inversion

posterior tibialis